Circulatory System

AKA- cardiovascular system Consists of _______, _________, and _______ Function–1. Transports O2 and nutrients to body cells 2. Takes CO2 and metabolic materials away from body cells Heart is formed when????

HEART AKA– PUMP – Hollow, muscular organ – Size? – Located in the _____________ cavity (which is between the lungs, behind sternum, and above diaphragm)

3 layers of tissue that form the Endocardium -smooth layer of cells -lines inside of heart -allows for smooth flow of blood Myocardium -muscular middle layer Pericardium -double layered sac that covers the outside of the heart

Pericardial fluid (lubricant) fills the space between the 2 layers to prevent friction and damage as the beats/contracts (like with resp. pleura layers) Septum- a muscular wall that separates the heart into right and left side – Function is to prevent blood from moving between the right and left side of the heart

is divided into 4 chambers Upper 2 chambers are called atria Lower 2 chambers are called ventricles Valves- keep blood flowing in the correct direction

BLOOD VESSELS Arteries – Carry blood ________ from the heart – What is the largest artery in the body? – The aorta branches into all of the other arteries that supply blood to the body – * Coronary arteries– supply blood to the heart muscle (which is called? __________) Have a right and left coronary artery Additional branches of aorta carry blood to head, neck, arms, chest, back, abd, legs

Arteries are more muscular/elastic than other blood vessels because they receive blood as it is pumped from the Smallest branches of arteries are called ______

VEINS – Carry blood ________ the heart – 2 largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava SVC- brings blood from _______ part of body IVC-brings blood from ________ part of body *** Both drain into the Right Atrium of the

Veins are thinner and have less muscle tissue than do arteries Have valves, which keep blood from flowing in a backward direction Smallest branches of veins are called _______

Capillaries – Tiny vessels – Have thin walls- only contain one layer of cells – Function- allow O2 and nutrients to pass through to cells and allow CO2 and metabolic products from the cells to enter the capillaries – *** connect arterioles with venules****

BLOOD Where does blood come from??? Approx. 4-6 quarts of blood in average adult Function – Transports O2 from lungs to body – Transports CO2 from the body cells to lungs – Transports nutrients from GI tract to body cells – Transports metabolic & waste products from the body cells to organs for excretion – Transports heat produced by various body parts – Transports hormones produced by endocrine glands to the body organs

Blood is made of the fluid called plasma & formed/solid elements called Blood Cells Plasma – 90% water with dissolved blood proteins (Ex- fibrinogen and prothrombin– these are necessary for ___________); nutrients such as vitamins, carbs, proteins; electrolytes like K, Ca, Na ; gases like O2 and CO2; waste products; hormones; enzymes

Blood cells 3 kinds: Erythrocytes (RBC) -live approx. _____ days, produced where?? - contains hemoglobin (which does what?) -normal count is million per cm Why are they RED???

Leukocytes (WBC) – Live 3-9 days – Normal count 5,000-9,000 per cm of blood – Function– to fight infection by engulfing, ingesting, and destroying pathogens by a process called _______________ – 5 types of leukocytes– neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

Thrombocytes (platelets) -Live about 5-9 days -Important for clotting process ** When a blood vessel is cut- thrombocytes collect at the site to form a “sticky plug” **If larger vessel is cut– may have to have MD suture to close the opening to control __________

HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE STRUCTURES OF THE

Cardiac Cycle (heartbeat) Right and Left sides of the work together in a cyclic manner even though they are separated by _____________ Cycle consists of: – Diastole---- – Systole

Conductive Pathway So, what causes this cyclic contraction??? ____________ _________________ *A group of nerve cells in right atrium called the SA node (AKA pacemaker) sends out an electrical impulse which cause the atrial muscles to contract & push blood into ventricles

* After impulse passes thru the atria, it reaches a group of nerve cells located between the atria & ventricles called the AV node (atrioventricular) *AV node sends the electrical impulse thru the Bundle of HIS, which divides into a right bundle branch & left bundle branch, which carries the impulse down thru the ventricles

* Bundle branches further into the Purkinje fibers (nerve fibers throughout the ventricles) Electrical impulses reach all the muscle tissue in the ventricles & the ventricles CONTRACT Pattern occurs approx. every 0.8 seconds Movement of electrical impulse can be recorded on _______________

Interference If something interferes with the normal conduction pattern of the arrhythmias occur What are arrhythmias?? Can be mild to life threatening (Ex.- VF (ventricular fibrillation)- ventricles contract at random without coordination – R/I ????

Name 3 things used to dx arrhythmias What is a defibrillator? What is a pacemaker? – 2 types

Diseases/Conditions Anemia- not enough RBC’s, hemoglobin, or both (So, not enough O2 to the tissues) Sx: pallor (paleness), fatigue, dyspnea, rapid heart rate Types of anemia – 1. Iron deficiency- inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in RBC – Tx- take iron supplements, increase iron in diet

2. Aplastic anemia- injury or destruction of bone marrow which results in poor or no formation of RBC’s – Causes: chemo, radiation, viruses – Tx: determine cause and eliminate, blood transfusions, severe cases- bone marrow transplant – Can be fatal if unable to reverse damage

3. Pernicious anemia- RBC’s are abnormally large in size and inadequate in number Results from an inadequate absorption of Vit. B12 (Vit B12 and folic acid are required for development of mature RBC’s) Tx: B12 injections can control and correct

4. Sickle cell anemia – Chronic, inherited anemia – Erythrocytes (RBC) are crescent shaped and carry less O2 – Occurs almost exclusively with African Americans – Tx: Transfusions of packed cells, supportive therapy during crisis

Aneurysm Ballooning out/ saclike formation on artery wall Cause- disease, congenital defects, injuries Sx: some cause pain/pressure, others no sx Common sites- cerebral, aortal, abd. If rupture---- hemorrhage----death Tx: surgically removing damaged area of blood vessel and replacing it with graft or another blood vessel

Arteriosclerosis Hardening or thickening of arterial walls which R/I loss of elasticity and contractility Commonly occurs because of aging Can cause HTN and can lead to an aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhage Tx: lower BP through diet, meds

Atherosclerosis Fatty plaques (like cholesterol—type of lipid found in foods(eggs, meat, whole fat dairy)—produced by the liver—needed to make Vit. D, build cell walls, create bile salts that help you digest fat) Plaques narrow the arterial opening which reduces/eliminates blood flow These plaques can break loose and circulate through the bloodstream as an emboli Tx: low chol diet, cholesterol meds, no smoking reduce stress, exercise, angioplasty (remove plaques), bypass surgery if artery is completely blocked

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood to the body Sx: edema, dyspnea, weak but rapid pulse, pallor Tx: meds to slow and strengthen heart beat, diuretics, O2 therapy, low sodium diet

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart Usually caused by atherosclerosis (build-up of fatty plaque inside blood vessels) CAD can lead to angina or MI Tx: placing a stent inside the blocked vessels of the heart

Embolus Foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream Can be air, blood clot, fat Occurs when embolus enters artery too small for passage--- R/I BLOCKAGE of blood vessel

Hemophilia Inherited disease Lack a plasma protein required for clotting— so, blood is unable to clot Minor cut can lead to prolonged bleeding Minor bump can lead to internal bleeding Tx: transfusing whole blood or plasma, administering missing protein factor

Hypertension (HTN) High blood pressure (BP 140/90) Risk factors- family hx, obesity, stress, smoking, aging, diet NO CURE but can be controlled with meds, limited stress, avoid tobacco, low sodium/low fat diet If not treated--- damage to heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

Leukemia Malignant disease of bone marrow or lymph tissue R/I high number of immature WBC’s Sx- fever, pallor, swelling of lymph tissue, fatigue, excessive bruising, joint pain Tx: chemo, radiation, bone marrow transplant

Myocardial Infarction (MI) HEART ATTACK Occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off blood supply to the heart Affected heart tissue dies– known as an infarct Sx: severe crushing pain that radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw, pressure in the chest, perspiration, cold/clammy skin, dyspnea Tx:- If heart stops– CPR, can give “clot busting” meds (TPA) to open blood vessel—must given within first several hours, O2 therapy, vasodilators, pain meds, anticoagulants, BP control, diet changes no smoking, decrease stress, exercise, weight control

Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein (frequently in the leg) Thrombophlebitis– a clot forms Sx:- pain, edema, redness Tx: anticoags, pain meds, elevation affected area, support hose, surgery if needed to remove the clot

Varicose Veins Dilates, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis (decreased blood flow) Frequently occurs in the legs, result from pregnancy, prolonged sitting/standing, heredity Tx: exercise, support hose, avoid prolonged sitting/standing, surgery to remove vein in severe cases

Stroke/CVA/TIA Can occur when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood in a vessel, or when a vessel bursts in the brain Sx: disoriented, difficulty with speech, loss of muscle control, paralysis (facial drooping), numbness, headache Tx: clot dissolving med (TPA), diet changes, make sure BP is controlled, Rehab- PT/OT