1 Review of US Human Space Flight Plans Committee International and Interagency Sub-Committee

2 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Major Questions: Should International cooperation in the HSF program be expanded? Which countries should be included in an expanded cooperative HSF program? What roles should / could International partners play in the HSF program? What issues need to be addressed to expand international cooperation? What views do other government agencies have on international cooperation in the HSF program?

3 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Who the Sub-Committee Engaged: NASA-PA&E NASA-Int’l ofc. Russian Space Agency ESA [European Space Agency] CSA [Canadian Space Agency] KARI [Korean Aerospace Research Institute] DLR [German Aerospace Center] OSD / Policy DoD National Security Space Office National Security Council – staff Dr. John Logsdon National Research Council report on Civil Space

4 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee $265B Space Economy (steady growth since tracking began) 50 Space Agencies U.S. asymmetric use and dependency Growing use of space for terrestrial needs and services “Photon” based services largest portion of commercial activity Growth in other areas has begun but small overall ISS largely thru development phase Growing number of countries and entities going beyond GEO – growing implications of cis-lunar space Largely robotic efforts with multiple rationales behind them Review of Analysis:

5 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee “…debates about the direction of the civil space program have too often focused on addressing near-term problems and issues without first putting those issues in the context of how a disciplined program can serve larger national imperatives.” “It is not sufficient for the United States simply to have a human spaceflight program, or to judge it success based on comparisons with the capabilities of other nations. Rather, the priorities for U.S. human spaceflight should be determined by which efforts have the greatest potential for, and likelihood of, producing transformative cultural, scientific, commercial or technical outcomes.” “The national priorities that informed the committee’s thinking include ensuring national security…and working internationally to build a safer, more sustainable world.” Context for Strategic and Collaboration Considerations: From “America’s Future in Space”

6 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Principles: Committed to exploration for peaceful purposes Reject claims of sovereignty Seek to cooperate peacefully Space systems have right of passage Space capabilities are vital to the national interest Oppose any new legal regimes or other restrictions Committed to encouraging and facilitating a growing commercial space sector Goals: Strengthen the nation’s space leadership Enable unhindered US operations Implement and sustain innovative human and robotic exploration Increase the benefits of civil exploration, scientific discovery, and environmental activities Enable domestic commercial space Enable a robust science and technology base Encourage international cooperation Current US National Space Policy Under Review: Summary

7 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee NASA HSF can be relevant to National needs and challenges: 1.Build relationships with established and emerging international partners (affect on global regime and commons?) 2.Make the United States a leader in the development of advanced technologies 3.Contribute to economic growth through the seeding of nascent commercial markets e.g. Earth-to-LEO transportation 4.Maintain and grow the U.S. Technical and Industrial Base (including leveraging existing national and international capabilities) Inspire future generations of engineers and scientists Other(?)… Human Spaceflight in a Larger Context

8 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee International Investment Background

9 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee SUMMARY SPACE EXPLORATION ISS ISS UTILIZATION INTERAGENCY ISSUES Key Findings and Comments:

10 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Summary: There is strong, almost unanimous support for continuing and expanding international cooperation in all aspects of the U.S. Human Space Flight programs.

11 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee..Growing political and media interest in space exploration {including ‘HSF’}..No detailed plans yet for exploration beyond ISS..International space agencies are enthusiastic about exploration ; their governments may not be – yet!..International roles in HSF should take advantage of expertise and capabilities of partner nations...“Political will”, and, “symbolism” are key elements needed to show U.S. Support for international cooperation in HSF. Key Comments: Space Exploration

12 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Key Comments: ISS..Important to international partnerships to continue ISS beyond Politicians in partner nations are now looking for return on their investments...Still see ISS as proof of the value of international cooperation – more than just technical...International partners are watching U.S. to see commitment to ISS {beyond 2015}, and commitment to “full-cooperation”...Failure of ISS partnership will jeopardize further international cooperation in other areas, and, in HSF...Willingness to accept other partners.

13 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Key Comments: ISS Utilization..Full utilization of the capabilities of ISS important to getting return on investments...ISS utilization can help address other national priorities...Should include “exploration” objectives in ISS-utilization.

14 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Key Comments: Interagency..How to enhance cooperation in space with international partners is a major policy issue. … International cooperation is an element of the ‘national space policy review’ [NSC / PSD-3], and, the ‘space posture review’ [DoD]...Strong interest amongst national security space community to support greater international cooperation [Civil and “Mil-to-Mil”]...Cost and complexities of space programs are a concern {international participation may help}...Common issues amongst partner nations and space sectors [space debris ; space situation awareness ; space protection]...Need space exploration program that inspires the nation...Leadership commitment is required.

15 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Key Comments: Concerns..ITAR / ITAR / ITAR..Industrial-base issues...Need for a “national launch strategy” [last done in before exploration vision]...Human-rating EELV -DoD prefers single model for EELV {white- tail approach} - Human-rating is okay if mods are limited

16 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee Considerations for Committee: -Mandate international cooperation as a foundation / overlay for all scenarios of HSF program...Utilize ISS extension to expand partnership ; address exploration research ; consider contribution to other national priorities...Start dialogue with international partners for their consideration at next ‘ISS partnership discussions’.