Welcome to Biology With Mr. Deveney Monday 8/27 PLEASE DO NOW Pick up papers and Folders, on the far board think of one word that you associate with Science

Today’s Class Introduction to the Scientific Journal The Three Goals of Science Prefixes and Suffixes the Language of Biology Use Prefixes and Suffixes to define unfamiliar Words

Goals of Science Analyze the natural world The natural world is all things not created by humans Engineering is the study of man-made devices Science and Engineering are closely related by the methods which they are studied To collect and organize data Propose explanations that can be tested The Scientific Method was Created to explain this

Branches of Biology Mycology- fungi Ecology- environment Physiology- function of living things Taxonomy- classification of living things Bryology- moss Microbiology- small living things Ornithology- birds Anatomy- structure of living things Graminology- grasses Genetics- heredity Ichthyology- fish Entomology- insects Zoology- animals Herpetology- reptiles Cytology- cells Botany- plants

Hypothesis A prediction about the results of the experiment based on the independent variable. What you expect to happen based on observations

Independent Variable The variable that is purposefully changed by the experimenter. (What is different about each group)

Dependent Variable The response (effect or results) of the independent variable. (How you are measuring what is different)

Controlled Variables All factors that remain the same

Example Experiment In the early 1660s the Theory of "Spontaneous Generation" prevailed. Spontaneous Generation, means that people believed that living things came from non-living things. For example, many people noticed that around butcher shops there were often a lot of flies. So naturally, people thought that flies come from the meat. However, a scientist name Francesco Redi thought otherwise. He designed the experiment described below. He placed meat in three different jars that were the same shape and size and left the jars on his balcony. One jar he covered with paper (making a lid), allowing no air to get it, one jar he covered with gauze (like plastic wrap), which allowed air to get in, but kept other things out, and in another jar he left open.

Results

Results He noticed that the jar that he left open had flies in the jar and all over meat. The jar was paper had no flies in the jar or on the paper. The jar with the gauze had no flies in the jar, but maggots (baby flies) on the gauze. What can we conclude about Francesco’s hypothesis

Confounding Factors An unaccounted for factor in the experiment. (Sources of error

Control The standard for comparing experimental effects. The part of the experiment where the independent variable is removed.

Repeated Trials Experimental repetitions (can be objects, tests or # of organisms)

Notebook for August 29 Pick up yesterday’s folder, have your class materials out, turn in Parental Contact Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what was the main point, what questions do you have, something your learned) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (define and analyze the Characteristics of Life) and write examples of traits all living things have in common

Spongbob Science Get back together with your groups and go to the station you were working on last. Finish the Spongebob activity

Characteristics of Life Get a book from the back lab area Write down the 8 characteristics of Life in your journal (found on page 16) Examine the brown substance in the front of the room Describe something you could do to determine if it was alive or not Do you think it is alive

Honors Note book for 9/3 Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Explain what the terms observation and inference mean what is the difference) Make one observation and inference about yourself that you would be willing to share with the class

Notebook for September 3rd Reflect on what we did Thursday in class (what was the main point, what questions do you have, something your learned) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Explain what the terms observation and inference mean what is the difference) Make one observation and inference about yourself

What is Science? Science-the process of investigating and trying to understand the natural world, by finding explanations and using explanations to make predictions. Science begins with “observations” Data-information gathered from observations. Quantitative-numerical data (graphs, tables, mathematical equations) 2. Qualitative-non-numerical data (Pictures, the color, texture, or appearance of something)

Hypothesis vs. Inference Scientists may use data to make an inference. Inference-a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. Ex: Researchers testing water for pollution cannot test every drop. If all drops come back clean, they may infer that all water is safe to drink. If it is snowing outside, you may infer that it is cold.

Observations of the Natural World Clover (Trifolium) Quantitative Observation Most clover has three leaves Qualitative Observations Clover has green leaves and produces a white flower Inference Clover is a plant

Going Outside Bring your notebook and a writing utensil In your notbook, by the end of the period you must identify 8 different living organisms You must make 5 observations about the living organism. At least one must be qualitative and one must be quantitative. You must make three inference about the organism

Going Outside Single file and quiet in the school Don’t wander off, stay on school grounds No electronic devices I will call us back in 5-10 minutes before the bell, Turn your notebook in so I can see what you got done in class today

CP Biology Today we have two items to accomplish before we begin our first laboratory experiment Write down the 8 characteristics of Life in your journal (found on page 16 of the textbook) Period 7 Only Find and label the twenty safety/classroom items on your handout With your groups Identify what you want your independent variable to be in our first experiment

Notebook for September 4 Pick up your Folder, and three papers in the front of the room Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what was the main point, what questions do you have, something your learned) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (What Safety Procedures must we follow in the Lab) Read the West Perry School District Lab and Safety Procedures

Notebook for September 4 Pick up your Folder, the four papers and your computer Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what was the main point, what questions do you have, something your learned) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (What Safety Procedures must we follow in the Lab) Read the West Perry School District Lab and Safety Procedures

Honors/CP Biology Lab Groups will be assigned to you Today orient yourself to the classroom Label your map with the twenty items found in the room Today read Lab, Tomorrow finish prelab questions, Friday complete experiment In your groups identify your independent variable for the experiment

Notebook for September 5 Pick up your Folder, and your lab paper, Sign Up for Your Computer Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what was the main point, what questions do you have, something your learned) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Relate the yeast experiment to the eight characteristics of life and identify the variables in the experiment) Logon to the Computer

Factors Effecting Yeast Fermentation Factors affecting fermentation -  Slower fermentation is best for the development of flavor and gluten strength in Bread 
 Temperature of the room Amount of yeast Presence of salt; typical Percent is 1.8 to 2.5 when baking bread Amount of sugar Type of sugar pH optimal pH is acidic 4 to 6. Presence of spices that can serve as antimicrobial agents; Most spices, have antimicrobial activity, such as cinnamon and can slow fermentation.

USA Test Prep Today we need to get accounts setup on USA Test Prep and you need to join my class Go to (www.usatestprep.com) Create account Account ID: westperrypa Student Activation Code: newton51 Join Class

What is wrong with these Sentences We kept the honey bees in a humidified chamber at room temperature overnight. We heated the solution to 90°C for approximately 30 minutes and then allowed it to cool.

Put it in Passive Voice The honey bees were kept in a humidified chamber at room temperature overnight. The solution was heated to 90°C for approximately 30 minutes and then allowed to cool.

Passive Voice Choose the passive voice when: 1. The performer is unknown, irrelevant, or obvious. 2. The performer is less important than the action. 3. The recipient is the main topic.

Third Person Passive Voice Examples of passive voice in lab reports  Correct: 200mL of distilled water was poured into a 500 mL beaker. Incorrect: I poured 200mL of distilled water in a beaker. (active voice) Pour 200mL water in a beaker. (direction/command)

Third Person Passive Voice Examples of passive voice in lab reports Correct: The covered crucible was mounted on a ring stand. Incorrect: We put the crucible on a ring stand. (active voice) Set the crucible on a ring stand. (direction/command)

Third Person Passive Voice You are taught in English class to never write in this way. The reason for this is that the goal of writing in that class is to create a narrative. In science we want to remove the actors and the action. We want the experiment to stand on its own. It does not matter who completes the actions just how they are done

Complete the Prelab Individually Use your Computer and Prior Knowledge to answer the Prelab questions If you do not finish the Prelab it is your homework If you do not finish the Prelab you will not be allowed to participate in the lab and you lose 20% of your grade

Notebook for September 9th Pick up your Folder Make sure your journals are in your folder Reflect on what we did in class Friday(Lab) Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (what are the essential Parts of a lab report ) Honors/CP get Computers

Title A great title has the following Independent Variable Organism Studied And might have the following System used Science concepts covered If all else fails What is the effect of [independent variable] on [dependent variable]? (Ex. What is the effect of light on the growth of plants?)

Pre-Lab Notes Your Pre-Lab notes need to be revised and answered correctly They will be a major part of your grade on the lab and will be graded for correctness A well done pre-lab will overlap with other sections of the lab report At times you will be asked to write an introduction. For this lab your prelab will serve as the introduction

Results We calculated the circumference. You will graph that change over time Graphs and tables have captions and titles In the caption state the trend do not explain the trend. Honors- We will calculate the # of molecules of gas produced in the lab. (CP this will be worth 5 points extra credit if completed)

Discussion For the purposes of the first lab the discussion is broken into two parts Analysis Questions- These are like your prelab and will be written as question and answer format Conclusion written as paragraphs can add your own information

References APA format You must cite at least one source

Notebook for September 10th Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Why do Scientist use charts and graphs to display data) Honors/CP get Computers

Notebook for September 11th Pick up Folder, Journal, and Lab Activity Paper Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Explain how we determine if an organism is alive) Answer Do Now: on lab activity paper

Characteristics of Life In Order to be living, organisms should display the following. Made up of Cells Uses energy Maintains Internal environment Grows Adapts to changes in outside environment Response to Stimuli Reproduces 8. Universal Genetic Code (DNA and RNA)

Notebook for September 12th Pick up Folder, Journal, and Activity Paper Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Explain how we Group and Organize Life) Lab Report Due Monday Lab Report Due Monday LAB REPORT DUE MONDAY

Explain how we Group and Organize Life Group the 12 cards from largest to smallest Write the ten living terms on your pyramid On side two define the term On side three give one example Then in your journal write the terms and give 5 examples to show your understanding Finish the activity from yesterday Answer the EQ from today

Notebook for September 17 Pick up and staple the three microscope lab papers and References sheet Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Explain how to properly use a microscope) In your journal today: Define Microscope

Microscope A device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye. Final Lab Report Due 9/20

Honors Students No Classwork Journal Today Fill out weekly progress report Pick up references page

Notebook for September 16th Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (Analyze the important parts of the scientific process/method) Staple the peer review sheets to the front of your lab report and write you name on them. Mark if you want It written on and corrected or not Write one Part of the scientific Process in your notebook

Notebook for September 17th Pick up folder and microscope label from front table Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (How do we prepare a glass slide for examination )

Scientific Theory An explanation of scientific facts that is well tested and unifies a broad range of scientific topics. It has withstood all attempts to disprove it.

Scientific Law A description of the patterns of behavior that found in nature. How nature behaves

Notebook for September 19th Pick up Folder, Journal Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (What are the five stages of Development) In journal copy down notes 5 stages of Development Test Friday!!!

Stages of Development Development-Series of orderly changes that occur in an organism’s life. 5 Stages of Development(common to all ): Beginning-fertilization of egg or split in asexual reproduction Growth-the number/size of cells increases Maturity-the number of cells is not increasing. Cells are being replaced and repaired. Decline-Cells are no longer being repaired or replaced. Death-All cell activity ceases.

Types of Microscopes Microscopes-devices that produce magnified images of structures that are to small to see with the unaided eye. Compound Light Microscopes-allow light to pass through a thin specimen of an image to produce an images. Most common Magnification=4-1000x Resolution=good Advantages-Can view live organisms, cheaper Disadvantages=Can’t see 3-D, magnification not as good

Light Microscope

Electron Microscopes Transmission Electron-shine a beam of electrons through a thin specimen. Magnification=200,000 x (internal) Resolution= very good Magnifies by beams of electrons Advantages=extreme resolution inside of organisms Disadvantages=can’t see 3-D, can’t view live organisms because requires a vacuum.

Transmission Electron Microscope

Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope-scan a narrow beam of electrons back and forth over the surface of a specimen. Magnification=500,000 x surface Resolution=very good Magnifies by electrons Advantages=can view whole organisms Disadvantages=can only view surface of dead organisms.

Microscope Types Scanning Probe Microscope-forms images of surfaces by scanning a probe over the surface of the specimen. Magnification= 10,000,000x Resolution=extremely good Uses a scanning probe to magnify image Advantages=can see details of very small images (not constrained to the wavelength of light or electrons.)-still being developed with “Nanoscience” Disadvantages=smaller pictures, possibly longer wait time for image, some probes better than others

Scanning Probe Microscope

Practice Microscope Questions Which microscope type is best for viewing living things A. Compound Light Microscope B. Transmission Electron Microscope C. Scanning Electron Microscope D. Scanning Probe Microscope

Practice Microscope Questions Which microscope type is best for viewing living things A. Compound Light Microscope B. Transmission Electron Microscope C. Scanning Electron Microscope D. Scanning Probe Microscope

Practice Microscope Questions Which microscope type has the greatest magnification A. Compound Light Microscope B. Transmission Electron Microscope C. Scanning Electron Microscope D. Scanning Probe Microscope

Practice Microscope Questions Which microscope type has the greatest magnification A. Compound Light Microscope B. Transmission Electron Microscope C. Scanning Electron Microscope D. Scanning Probe Microscope

8 characteristics of living things Living things share the following characteristics: Made up of cells Reproduce Have DNA (genetic code) Grow and develop Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to their environment Maintain stable, internal environment by homeostasis As a group, change over time

Notebook for September 19th Pick up Folder, Journal, Reflect on what we did yesterday Write: Today’s Date Write down Essential Question (What do you need to do to prepare yourself for the test)