1. Science Chapter 1: What is Science?

2. Science = “to know”  A collection of observations, inferences and models used to study nature  Observations – collecting information  Inferences – conclusions drawn from indirect evidence  Models – simplified depiction of something complex

3. A common misconception of science is that it defines "truth". It does NOT define truth, it defines a way of thought. Science is a process in which experiments are used to answer questions. This process is called the scientific method and involves several steps:

4. Steps of the Scientific Method 1.Make an observation 2.Form a Hypothesis 3.Set up a Controlled Experiment 4.Record and Analyze Results 5.Draw Conclusions 6.Publish Results (Peer Review)

5. Forming a Hypothesis  Usually a statement (If…then...)  Must be testable  Example: Francesco Redi (1668) Redi’s Hypothesis: Redi’s Hypothesis: Flies produce maggots. Flies produce maggots.  How could he test this?

6. Experimental Set Up  Test hypothesis under controlled conditions  Variable – the factor of interest  2 Types  Independent variable – changed to see some effect  Dependent variable – what responds to the change

7. Control and Experimental Groups  Control group: used as a standard of comparison  Experimental group: the group containing the factor that has been changed

8. Redi’s Controlled Experiment  Redi used three jars  One jar contained meat and no cover.  One jar contained meat with a solid cover.  One jar contained meat and was covered with gauze.

9. Let’s think about it… 1.Which is the control group? 2.Which is the experimental group?

10. Recording Data Types of Recorded Data Types of Recorded Data  Quantitative —observations that involve measurements/numbers; i.e. 3 days, 4g, 13 sec, 12 maggots  Qualitative ----observations that do not involve numbers; i.e. Leaves were all wilting. White maggots covered the meat. Data: observations and measurements made in an experiment

11. Ways to Record Data Data Tables : Must have a Must have atitle Must include relevant data Must include relevant data Must have labeled columns Must have labeled columns

12. Ways to Record Data Graphs  Line graphs: used to show change over time  Bar graphs: used to compare quantities in different categories  Be sure to include: Title Title Axis labels Axis labels Key Key

13. Ways to Record Data (continued) Circle (Pie) Graphs: used to show how a part relates to the whole; needed to show percentages effectively

14. Analyzing the Data  Examine data tables, charts, and graphs  Examine experimental notes  Look for trends, patterns, and averages  Put your data into words.

15. Drawing Conclusions  Accept, reject or modify the hypothesis.  Support your conclusion with specific, numerical data.  What was Redi’s conclusion?  Flies lay eggs too small to be seen.  Maggots found on rotting meat are produced from the eggs laid by flies.  Maggots are not appearing due to spontaneous generation!

16. Publishing Results Scientists publish results so their experiments can be repeated and others can evaluate their work.

17. Repeating the Investigation  Sometimes results are unexpected. Repeat the experiment! Lazzaro Spallanzini designed a slightly different experiment.

18. Repeating the Experiment (continued)  Louis Pasteur further modified the experiment.

19. Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory law: Theory of Gravity, Atomic Theory states what happens tries to explain why or how something happens -- e.g., does not change law of gravity, laws of conservation never violated -- theory: -- e.g., -- based on current evidence

20. WHAT’S IN A MODEL?

21. MODELS  Visual representation of a thing or concept  There are 2 general types of models:  Physical  Models that you can touch  Represents an item that needs study  Mathematical Made up of math equations and data.Made up of math equations and data.

22. Let’s put our knowledge of the Scientific Method to a realistic example!

23. Problem/Question John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

24. Problem/Question John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

25. Caution! Be careful how you use effect and affect. Effect is usually a noun and affect, a verb. “ The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of bread.” “How does sugar affect the rising of bread?”

26. Observation/Research John researches the areas of baking and fermentation and tries to come up with a way to test his question. He keeps all of his information on this topic in a journal.

27. John talks with his teacher and she gives him a Experimental Design Diagram to help him set up his investigation.

29. Formulate a Hypothesis After talking with his teacher and conducting further research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

30. Hypothesis The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Note: These variables will be defined in the next few slides.

31. Experiment His teacher helps him come up with a procedure and list of needed materials. She discusses with John how to determine the control group.

32. Control Group Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group. Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group.

33. Constants John’s teacher reminds him to keep all other factors the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.

34. Constants The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same.

35. Can you think of some constants for this experiment?

36. Constants They might include: Other ingredients to the bread recipe, oven used, rise time, brand of ingredients, cooking time, type of pan used, air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising, oven temperature, age of the yeast…

37. Experiment John writes out his procedure for his experiment along with a materials list in his journal. He has both of these checked by his teacher where she checks for any safety concerns.

38. Trials Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

39. Collect and Analyze Results John comes up with a table he can use to record his data. John gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment.

40. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm 3 Amt. of Sugar (g.) 123Average Size (cm 3 ) 25768744761758 501296118812961260 10011881080 1116 250672576588612 500432504360432 Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials (Control group)

41. Collect and Analyze Results John examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar.

42. Conclusion John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

43. Experiment Once again, John gathers his materials and carries out his experiment. Here are the results.

44. Can you tell which group did the best?

45. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm 3 Amt. of Sugar (g.) 123Average Size (cm 3 ) 501296144012961344 601404129614401380 701638 15601612 8014041296 1332 90108012009721084 Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials (Control group)

46. Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is accepted.

47. Communicate the Results John tells his grandmother about his findings and prepares to present his project in Science class.