Lessons From 30+ Years of Experience No Panaceas No Cheap Solutions No Breakthroughs--No Miracles Numbers Matter Experience Matters Size Matters Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Lessons Always Check the Numbers Vortec: The Numbers Didn’t Add Up Always Check the References Vortec: References Discredited in the USA Always Google Vortec: Ducted Turbine Critics on the Web Always Go to the Library... Or to Your Neighborhood Bookstore! Lots of Wind Books Now Available Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Lessons Always Be Wary of “New” Designs © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Scams, Frauds, & Flakes Tell-Tale Signs Hype High--Experience Low New Design-- “Not Like Those Others” “New” Patents 2 m/s! Drag Devices (Squirrels in a Cage) Ducted Turbines! Pyramid Schemes “Get in on the Ground Floor Now” Fancy Web Sites Cheaper than Hardware Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Nomenclature Paul Gipe & Assoc. Mid-80s HAWT Internal Ladder w/ Fall Restraint Work Platform Tip Brakes “Rocket” Tower

Historical Wind Turbines Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Historical Wind Turbines Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941 ~700 hrs

Gedser 24 m, 250 kW © Risø National Laboratory

Tvind 54 m, 2 MW 1978-Present Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Growian 100 m, 3 MW, 1981 ~400 hrs Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications-Telecom Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications-Yurt Power Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications-Marine Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications-Cathodic Protection Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications-Fence Charging Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications--Off-the-Grid Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications--Homes Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications--Farms Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Applications--Wind Power Plants Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Models of Development Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Small Groups or Clusters

Electric Vehicle Charging Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Electric Vehicle Charging Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Interconnected Wind Turbines 90,000 units worldwide--115 TWh/yr 600 TWh cumulative generation 7,400 million operating hours 75% induction (asynchronous) generators 25% AC-DC-AC with inverters Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Single Turbine Interconnection

Arrays Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wind Plant Arrays Rectilinear Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Typical California Spacing Paul Gipe & Assoc. 3 RD 6 RD

Wind Plant Arrays--Rectilinear Paul Gipe, wind-works.org kW: Mojave, California

750 kW: Lake Benton, Minnesota

1 mi 1.7 km

640 kW: Woodstock, Minnesota 1 mi 1.7 km Fence line Field Boundary

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Plant Arrays Linear Dikes, Breakwaters, Canals

Wind Plant Arrays Linear Paul Gipe & Assoc.

1 MW: White Deer, Texas

Wind Plant Arrays Linear Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wind Plant Arrays Ridgetops Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wind Plant Arrays Ridgetops Paul Gipe & Assoc. Zond Windwall, Tehachapi, CA

Wind Plant Arrays Wind Walls Paul Gipe & Assoc. Zond Windwall, Tehachapi, CA

Tehachapi Pass, California

Cluster Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wind Plant Arrays Clusters Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Off-shore Paul Gipe & Assoc. Vestas, Tuno Knøb, Denmark

2 MW, Thybøren, Denmark

2 MW, Middelgrunden, Denmark

Samsø Offshore Wind Plant Denmark

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Measures of Productivity Capacity (Plant) Factor Misleading Indicator Used for Fossil-Fired Plants Not Suited for Wind Energy Use kWh/kW/yr (for Planning Purposes) When Sufficient Data is Unavailable Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m 2 /yr) The Only Measure Specific to Wind Energy

Measures of Cost $/kW of Installed Capacity Often a Misleading Indicator $/m 2 of Installed Swept Area Most Useful When Resource is Unknown $/kWh/yr of Annual Generation Most Important Criteria in the End Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Elements of a Wind Plant Paul Gipe & Assoc. Market/Load Wind Resource Land Financing Project Development Wind Turbine

Elements of a Wind Plant Market/ Load Paul Gipe & Assoc. Transport (Transmission) Distance to Market Urban or Rural Areas Capacity (10 MW?) Contracts between Equals? Price Length & Terms Political Climate

Elements of a Wind Plant Wind Resource Average Speed & Power At 80 m? Speed Distribution Seasonal & Diurnal Variations Extremes Turbine Types I, II, III Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Elements of a Wind Plant Land Availability (Who Owns It?) Accessibility (Can You Get To It?) Road Design & Construction Conflicts (Who Doesn’t Want It?) Stakeholders-Interested Parties Open Space Preservation Environmental Cost Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Elements of a Wind Plant Project Development Who Develops Project? Who Owns It? Who Operates It? Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Elements of a Wind Plant Financing Local/Regional/International Project Financed Collateral for Small Projects Timing Construction > Completion Debt Ratios & Triggers Off Balance Sheet? Enron Wind Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Elements of a Wind Plant Wind Turbine Technology Often Not the Focus Nearing Commodity Status Terms & Conditions Can Trump Technology Warranties & Service Contracts Who Backs Warranties & Service Contracts Track Record News Reports, WindStats Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Large Turbine Manufacturers Vestas (DK) Bonus-Siemans NEG-Micon (DK) Enercon (D) GE Wind (D-US) Gamesa (ES) Mitsubishi (JP) Nordex (DK) Ecotecnia (ES) DeWind (D) Suzlon (India) Lagerwey (NL) RePower (D) Fuhrländer (D) Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Bonus

Nordex N50 Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Nordex

DeWind D8, 80 m, 2 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc.© DeWind

Gamesa G80, 2 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Gamesa

Ecotecnia 1.6 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Ecotecnia

General Electric GE Mod-1, 60 m, 1979, USDOE GE 1.5 MW, 77 m, 2003

Vestas V80, 1.8 MW, Kincardine, Ontario

Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Enercon (D) Lagerwey (NL) Jeumont-Industrie (F) Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Enercon

Lagerwey Direct-Drive Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Lagerwey

Jeumont-Industrie Direct Drive Discoid French Nuclear Submarines 50 Units Built J48 © Jeumont-Industrie

Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Under Development WinWin (FL) Vensys (D) Permanent Magnet Paul Gipe & Assoc. Vensys © Hugo Denker © Vensys

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Very Big Wind Turbines