1. History of Wind Power

2. Large Wind Systems  Range in size from 100 kW to 2 MW  Provide wholesale bulk power  Require 13 mph average wind sites

3. Technology Overview - Large Wind Projects  Projects operating at greater than 35% capacity factors at good wind sites  Over 98-99% availability  Select projects are delivering power ~ 3 cents/kWh (with Production Tax Credit)

4. Cost of Energy - Large Wind Projects 2 4 6 8 10 12 Levelized Cost of Energy (cents/kWh) 19901995200520102000

5. Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World Global growth by energy source, annual average 1990-1999 Source: Worldwatch Institute 2000

6. Taking Off Worldwide Wind Leaders: 1. Germany 2. United States 3. Spain 4. Denmark 5. India Total (end of 2000): nearly 17,000 MW Based on information supplied by International Energy Agency.

7. 2000: A Year for Market Innovations  Several companies begin selling green power certificates  Several states see first large- scale wind power project: PA, NY, TN  Texas RPS fuels building boom

8. 2001: Wind Power Expected to Take Off  US Wind Capacity expected to nearly double by the end of 2001  The Northwest will see the largest US wind project to date with the Stateline Wind Farm (300 MW)

9. An All American Resource Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 State North Dakota Texas Kansas South Dakota Montana Nebraska Wyoming Oklahoma Minnesota Iowa Colorado New Mexico Idaho Michigan New York Illinois California Germany’s Potential: 100 GW North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW World Class Wind Potential

11. Drag Device

12. Giant Brush Windmill (1887 – 1900s)  Charles Brush  Automatically operated  Dynamo  Charged batteries  Provided light

13. Earliest Use  May be sail boats  Persia 500 - 900 A.D. - Drag, Vertical Axis Device - Panemone - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping  China 1219 A.D. - Grain Grinding & Water Pumping  Crete - Water pumping for livestock.

14.  Horizontal Axis with Sail Wings  Higher Efficiency  Wooden Cogs and Ring Gears to Transmit Power. Windmills of Western World (1270 Mediterrean Coast)

15.  Water Pumping Windmill  Pumping water for livestock.  Relatively light, steel blades with aerodynamic shape.  Blades hinged to fold in high winds.  Tail to track wind direction. Halladay Fan-Type Windmill (1854 in U.S.)

16. Windmill with Pitch Change Mechanism

17. Palmer Putnam’s Windmill

18. Darrieus Machine (1973)  NASA sponsored research during oil crisis.  No tower and major equipment at ground level.  Marketed by Flo Wind  Failed to withstand forces during high winds  Never caught on.

19. Early, Large Large 2 MW Machine (Early 1980s.)  Developed by NASA.  Response to problem with downwind machine of Ulrich Hutter.  Large loads.  Noisy. Interfered with communications.  Tested in Boone, NC and Hawaii.

20. Another Early MW Machine

21. Federal Wind Test Center (1974-1981)  Tested Small & Intermediate Wind Turbines  Culled bad designs.  Bergie Design is spinoff.  UTRC's Composite, Flexbeam Rotor  NREL assumed control in 1989.

22. Danish Machines (1942)  F.L. Smidth early designs  Three Blade Upwind Machine  Hybrid wind & diesel systems.  DC Generator

23. Vester Egesborg Turbine (1950s)  Johannes Juul  Student of Poul La Cour  First ac machine.

24. Gedser Wind Turbine (1956-1957)  Johannes Juul  Electromechanical Yawing  Asynchronous Generator  Stall Controlled  Special brakes for overspeed conditions.

25. The Riisage Turbine

26. Competing Turbine Engines

27. The Tvind 2 MW Machine

28. Bonus 20 KW

29. Danish Domination of 1990s  Slow, steady growth in Europe & Asia  Mid-range machines  Reliable with high availabilities.  Conservative, Lower Efficiency  American Company - Zond emerged  Green Power, State RPS program, & Tax credits kick- started American Market in late 1990s.

30. Great California Wind Rush (1980s)  Tax Credit based on installed capacity.  Lots of bad wind turbines installed.  Lot of turbines were inoperable and had high O&M.  Conservative, Danish machine emerged.

31. Avedore Wind Farm, Denmark

32. Middelgrunden Wind Farm

33. Tuno Knob Offshore Wind Farm

34. Vindeby Wind Farm

35. TVA History  In 1980s Tested a 2 MW machine. – numerous problems Tested small machines at various locations. Conducted extensive siting  2000 Re-examined earlier work Meso scale computer modeling Sodar development Monitoring Walk-throughs  October 2000 Commissioned 2 MW project on Buffalo Mountain

36. Future of Wind Power  Expect cost to continually drop ($0.02/kwh by 2010) Taller towers Increased efficiency, less expensive blades – wood composite Drive trains – Direct drive – Power electronics Revolutionary change – The Wind Power Company down 2 blade machine Larger size (1.5 – downwind 3.0 MWs)

37. Future of Wind Power - continued  AWEAs estimates 100,000 MW in USA by 2020.  Transport of wind power from plains states.  Off shore wind development

39. Future for the Tennessee Valley  Taller towers  Self erecting towers  Different Power Test procedures  Sodars for wind resource measurements  Low wind speed turbines  Energy storage

40. TVA’s Plans  RFP for wind power on Buffalo Mountain.  Online by December 2003.  Prefer Power Purchase Agreement.  Expansion for Green Power Switch.  May partner with neighboring utilities.