Financial Statement Analysis يجب على الافراد ان يهتموا بكل من العائد المتوقع (expected return) و المخاطرة (Risk) لأي اصل سيكون ضمن محفظتهم . هذا ولكي نتمكن من بناء توقعات منطقية (reasonable expectations) حول اداء مجموعة من الاستثمارات المتوقعة ، فاننا سنقوم في هذه الوحدة باستعراض الاداء التاريخي لمجموعة من الاصول (assets) وذلك عن طريق استخدام محفظة تتكون من سندات خزينة (treasury bill) كـBenchmark لتقييم هذا الاداء . بناءا عليه فننا سنبدأ (الـslide التالي )

Standardized Financial Statements Common-Size Balance Sheets Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets Common-Size Income Statements Compute all line items as a percent of sales Standardized statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry

Prufrock corporation balance sheet

Prufrock corporation common size balance sheet

Common-Size Balance Sheet Notice that total change has to be zero because the beginning and ending numbers must add up to 100 percent. Also notice that the statement is relatively easy to read and compare (for example: CA increased from 19.1 to 19.7%, CL decreased from 15.7 to 12.7%)

Prufrock corporation income statement

Prufrock common- income statement

Common-Size Income Statements Common-Size Income Statement tells us what happens to each dollar in sales (for example: we pay taxes $.061 of each $1 in sales) Notice that the percentages are useful in comparisons, such as cost control.

Common-Base Year Financial Statements Common-Base Year Financial Statements (Trend Analysis): Select a base year and then express each item or account as a percent of the base-year value of that item. This is useful for picking up trends through time.

Combined Common-Size and Base Combined Common-Size and Base (Year Analysis): Express each item in base year as a percent of either total assets or sales. Then, compare each subsequent year’s common-size percent to the base-year percent (abstracts from the growth in assets and sales).

Summary of Standardized Financial Statements

Financial Statement Analysis Another way of avoiding the problem involved in comparing of different sizes is to calculate and compare financial ratios. Ratio analysis is a quick and easy way of analyzing a firm’s financial statements. Financial ratio itself is not meaningful without comparing it to a benchmark. Benchmarks can be a rival firm’s financial ratio or an industry average.

Financial Statement Analysis Ratio analysis Financial ratios: Relationships determined from a firms financial information and used for comparison purposes. Ratios also allow for better comparison through time or between companies. As we look at each ratio, ask yourself what the ratio is trying to measure and why is that information is important. Ratios are used both internally and externally.

Categories of Financial Ratios Short-term solvency, or liquidity, ratios: The ability to pay bills in the short-run. Long-term solvency, or financial leverage, ratios: The ability to meet long-term obligations. Asset management, or turnover, ratios: Efficiency of asset use. Profitability ratios: Efficiency of operations and how that translates to the “bottom line”. Market value of ratios: How the market values the firm relative to the book values.

Liquidity Ratios Provide information about the firm’s liquidity. It is also called liquidity measures and primary concern is the ability of the firm to pay it’s bills over the short run without undue stress. It focus on current asset and current liability.

Liquidity Ratios This ratio is interesting to short term creditors. This ratio is important to firms because they deal with banks and other short term lenders. A disadvantage: current assets and current liabilities can and do change fairly so that today’s amount may not be a reliable guide to the future.

Liquidity Ratios 708/540= 1.31 times A) Current ratio: measures short term liquidity. Current Ratio = current assets / current liabilities 708/540= 1.31 times It mean that the company has 1.31 in CA for every 1$ in CL. The higher this ratio the better but sometimes it means inefficiency in using cash and other short tem assets Standard: 2:1 The unit of measurement is either dollar or times Any current ratio less than 1 means negative networking capital

Quick Ratio = (current assets – inventory) / current liabilities Liquidity Ratios B) The quick ratio: is quite a bit lower than the current ratio Quick Ratio = (current assets – inventory) / current liabilities (708 – 422) / 540 = .53 times Standard 1:1 Because inventory i the least liquid CA, so it omit inventory from CA, it mean that the company has .53 in CA except the inventory for every 1$ in CL.

Liquidity Ratios C) Cash Ratio = cash / current liabilities 98 / 540 = .18 times Normally a very short term creditor interested in this ratio. This company carries a low cash balance, although the cash ratio has increased substantially from the previous year (.03 in 2002). This may be an indication that they are aggressively investing in assets that will provide higher

Liquidity Ratios D) NWC to TA = (current assets – current liabilities) / total assets (708-540) / 3588 = 4.7% As NWC is viewed as the amount of short term liquidity we use this ratio, a relatively low value indicate a low levels of liquidity.

Liquidity Ratios E) Interval Measure = current assets / average daily operating costs 708 / (1344/365) = 192 days It give an indicator for how long could the company business keep running in case of strike. Note that average daily operating costs generally exclude depreciation expense since it is not a cash expense and interest since it is not an operating expense

financial leverage A) Total debt ratio = (total assets – total equity) / total assets (3588-2591) / 3588 = .28 times Standard 1:1 It accounts the % of (all debt of all maturities to all creditors) to the assets, it mean that the company has a .28$ in debt for every 1$ in assets. .28 in debt and (1-.28= .72 ) in equity

B) debt/equity ratio = (total assets – total equity) / total equity financial leverage B) debt/equity ratio = (total assets – total equity) / total equity (3588-2591) / 2591 = .38 times Or = Total Debt / Total Equity = .28/.72 = .38 equity multiplier = 1 + debt/equity ratio 1 + .38 = 1.38 times Or = total assets / total equity = 3588/2591 = 1.38

financial leverage C) Times Interest Earned = EBIT / Interest It measure how well a company has its interest obligations covered ( also called interest coverage ratio) Even though the company is financed with over 64% debt, they have a substantial amount of operating income available to cover the required interest payments. D) Cash Coverage = (EBIT + Depreciation) / Interest (691+276) / 141 = 6.9 times It measure company cash flow available to meet financial obligations (we add depreciation because it’s non cash expenses)

Asset management ratios Measures under this ratio are called asset management or utilization ratio It measure the efficiency a firm use its asset to generate sales Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory 1344 / 422 = 3.2 times As long as we are not running out of stock and thereby forgoing sales, the higher ratio is, the more efficiently we are managing inventory.

Asset management ratios Inventory turnover can be computed using either ending inventory or average inventory when you have both beginning and ending figures. It is important to be consistent with whatever benchmark you are using to analyze the company’s strengths or weaknesses. Days’ Sales in Inventory = 365 / Inventory Turnover 365 / 3.2 = 114 days This mean that inventory sits 114 days on average before it sold.

Asset management ratios Receivables Turnover = Sales / Accounts Receivable 2311/188 = 12.3 times The company collect its outstanding credit accounts and reloaded the money 12.3 times during the year. Days’ Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover 365 / 12.3 = 30 days This ratio may also be called “average collection period” or “days’ sales outstanding.” It mean that the company collects on its credit sales in 30 days on average

Asset management ratios NWC Turnover = Sales / NWC 2311 / (708-540) = 13.8 times It measure how much work we get out of our working capital, the higher value is preferred. Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales / net fixed assets 2311/3588 = .80 times For every $1 in fixed assets, company generate $.80 in sales.

Asset management ratios Total Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets 2311/3588 = .8 times For every $1 in assets, company generate $.8 in sales It is not unusual for TAT < 1, especially if a firm has a large amount of fixed assets Having a TAT of less than one is not a problem for most firms. Fixed assets are expensive and are meant to provide sales over a long period of time. This is why the matching principle indicates that they should be depreciated instead of immediately expensed.

Asset management ratios Payable turn over Shows how much time the company needs to pay its bills = cost of good sold / account payable Days in payable = 365/account payable

Computing Profitability Measures Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales 363 / 2311 = 15.7% The company generate around 16 cents in profit for every dollar in sales, the higher percentage is preferred Profit margin. It tells how much the firm earns for every dollar in sales.

Computing Profitability Measures Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets 363 / 3588 = 10.12% Measure of profit per dollar of assets. The company generate around 10 cents in profit for every dollar of assets. ROA is sometimes referred to as ROI (return on investment).

Computing Profitability Measures Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity 363/2591 = 14% For every dollar in equity, the company generate 14 cents in profit. ROE will always be higher than ROA as long as the firm has debt. The greater the leverage the larger the difference will be. ROE is often used as a measure of how well management is attaining the goal of owner wealth maximization.

Computing Market Value Measures Market Price = $88 per share Shares outstanding = 33 million Earnings per share = net income / shares outstanding 363/33 = $11 Dividends per Share or DPS = Dividends/ shares outstanding 121/33 = $3.6

Computing Market Value Measures Price-earnings ratio (PE) = Price per share / Earnings per share 88/11 = 8 times The company shares sell for eight times earning, or have PE multiple of 8. It measure how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of current earnings. Higher PEs often take to mean the firm has significant prospectus for future growth

Computing Market Value Measures Price-Sales Ratio = Price per share / Sales per share 88/(2311/33) = 1.26 Market-to-book ratio = market value per share / book value per share 88 / (2591/33) = 1.12 times It compares the market value of firm’s investment to their cost. A value less than 1 could mean that the firm has not been successful overall in creating value for its stockholders.

Computing Market Value Measures Tobin’s Q = Market value of firm’s assets / Replacement cost of firm’s assets = Market value of firm’s debt and equity / Replacement cost of firm’s assets It focuses on what the firm is worth today relative to what it would cost to replace it today. High ratio tend to be those with attractive investment opportunities or significant competitive advantages. But it is difficult to estimate the replacement cost

Standardized Financial Statements Common-Size Balance Sheets Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets. Common-Size Income Statements Compute all line items as a percent of sales Standardized statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows. They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry.

Common-Size Balance Sheet

Common-Size Balance Sheet Notice that total change has to be zero because the beginning and ending numbers must add up to 100 percent. Also notice that the statement is relatively easy to read and compare (for example: CA increased from 19.1 to 19.7%, CL decreased from 15.7 to 12.7%)

Common-Size Income Statements

Common-Size Income Statements Common-Size Income Statement tells us what happens to each dollar in sales (for example: we pay taxes $.061 of each $1 in sales) Notice that the percentages are useful in comparisons, such as cost control.

problem of Financial Ratio Analysis Seasonal factors can distort ratios. Window dressing” techniques can make statements and ratios look better. Different operating and accounting practices distort comparisons Sometimes hard to tell if a ratio is “good” or “bad.” Difficult to tell whether company is, on balance, in strong or weak position

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