Industry and Urban Growth Chapter 18

A New Industrial Revolution Why Industry Boomed As the nation expanded, deposits of coal, iron, lead and copper were found. Government gave businesses subsidies.

A New Industrial Revolution The Bessemer process made stronger steel at lower cost. This replaced Iron. Pittsburgh became the steel capital In 1859, oil was found when workers dug into the ground and black liquid came up. This was eventually called “Black Gold.” Railroads improved by adding sleeping and eating cars. There was immense competition between companies.

A New Industrial Revolution Inventors and Inventions There were many new inventions, this caused the need for a patent- which is a document giving someone the sold right to make and sell an invention.

A New Industrial Revolution Thomas Edison & other scientists- produced the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera and hundreds of other devices. Edison opened the nation’s first electrical plant in NYC. The Telegraph had been used since 1844, when Alexander Graham Bell wanted to hear the human voice. He invented and patented the telephone.

A New Industrial Revolution He eventually organized over 100 local companies into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company In 1868, there was the invention of a type-writer, which people could use to type as fast at 60-words per minute. In 1888, A light weight camera was invented, it replaced hundreds of pounds of equipment

A New Industrial Revolution Transportation Revolution Only about 8,000 Americans owned automobiles in 1900. Henry Ford perfected a system to mass produce cars and makes them less expensive.

A New Industrial Revolution The Assembly line is a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt. By 1917, 4.5 million Americans owned cars By 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Big Business and Organized labor New Ways of Doing business There were now Entrepreneurs, which were people who set up new businesses to make a profit. Many businesses became corporations, which is a business that is owned by many investors. Banks lent huge amounts of money to people. J.P. Morgan became wealthy

Big Business and Organized labor Growth of Big Business Monopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry Andrew Carnegie entered the steel industry and eventually owned most of the steel in the US.

Big Business and Organized labor John D. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Trust. A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Free enterprise is a system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.

Big Business and Organized labor Social Darwinism Charles Darwin- Survival of the fittest in nature Businesses used this was used to limit competition

Big Business and Organized labor Changes in the Workplace Women and children worked in sweatshops, most children did NOT go to school There were dangerous conditions

Big Business and Organized labor Triangle Shirtwaist Factory A fire broke out in a New York sweatshop on March 25, 1911 Hundreds of workers ran for the exits but found they were locked-The owners did it 150 People died in this fire

Big Business and Organized labor Workers organize Knights of Labor was formed in 1869, used to win support for workers and against business owners American Federation of Labor was formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886 He believed in using collective bargaining to win improvements Women Mary Harris Jones worked campaigning for unions and giving support to striking miners Strikes

Cities Grow and Change Rapid Growth of Cities By 1890, the cities became Urbanized There was public transportation which made people move to the suburbs

Cities Grow and Change Problems of Urban Life The first skyscraper was built in 1880 in Chicago, it was 10 stories high By 1897. the first electric subway ran under the streets of Boston Problems of Urban Life

Cities Grow and Change Tenement life in downtown slums Tenements were buildings divided into many tiny apartments Many people lived in a one room apartment and many families shared a bathroom In 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull House, which was a settlement house in the slums of Chicago

Cities Grow and Change The excitement of City life Departments Stores contained lots of different goods in the same store but different sections Leisure activities changed with the cities, people would now go to museums, the orchestra, art galleries, the theatre, circuses, parks, the zoo, gardens Sports became popular, the most popular were Baseball, Basketball, and Football

New Immigrants A Fresh Start Immigration The new immigrants Religious freedom Farming Jobs Political unrest The new immigrants Mostly Protestants or Catholics from Northern and Western Europe

New Immigrants Starting a New Life Immigrants were crammed below decks in steerage which were large compartments that usually held cattle There were many immigrant neighborhoods

New Immigrants Becoming American Assimilation is the process of becoming part of another culture Languages and traditions Contributions Many immigrants opened small shops and influenced American life

New Immigrants A new Wave of Nativism Many United States Natives did not like all of the immigrants; they associated the immigrants with crime, violence and anarchy. Anarchist is a person who opposes all forms of government

Education and Culture Before 1870, less then half of American children attended school. Compulsory education was instituted fully by 1918. It was not until 1950 that the majority of Americans of high school age were high school graduates

Education and Culture They offered books, magazines and speakers The typical school day lasted from 8 am to 4 pm. The students read McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers Taught poetry, stories, moral values and the Christian religion Carnegie gave money to towns to build libraries. They offered books, magazines and speakers

Education and Culture American writers Realism- authors emphasized the harsh side of life Mark Twain-Huckleberry Finn- His real name was Samuel Clemens- At the time people complained that this book was a bad effect on children It is now one of the greatest American novels

Education and Culture By 1900, half the newspapers in the world were printed in the US The spread of education led to the growth of the newspaper In 1883- Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World He included color comics such as the Yellow kid Yellow Journalism-like a tabloid