Project X (Accelerator) Update: Goals, Status, and Strategy Steve Holmes Fermilab Physics Advisory Committee June 5, 2013

Outline Project X Goals Design Development Technology Development Moving Project X Forward Our website: projectx.fnal.gov/projectx.fnal.gov/ PAC June 2013, S. Holmes2

Project X Goals Our goal is to construct and operate the foremost Intensity Frontier facility in the world. Broadband attack on central questions of particle physics utilizing neutrino, kaon, muon, nucleon, and atomic probes 6 MW of site-wide beam power to multiple experiments, with flexible beam formats, at energies ranging from 233 MeV to 120 GeV Platform for future development of a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider Possible missions beyond particle physics –Energy and materials applications PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 3

Reference Design A complete design concept exists (Reference Design Report)Reference Design Report 3 GeV CW superconducting H- linac with 1 mA average beam current. –Spallation-based program (nucleon/energy applications) at 1 GeV (1 MW) –Rare processes programs at 1 and 3 GeV (up to 3 MW) –Flexible provision for variable beam structures to multiple users 3-8 GeV pulsed linac capable of delivering 340 kW at 8 GeV –Enhanced performance for short and long-baseline neutrino programs –Establishes a path toward a muon-based facility Upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector to provide ≥ 2 MW to the neutrino production target at GeV.  Utilization of a CW linac creates a facility that is unique in the world, with performance that cannot be matched in a circular accelerator based facility. PAC June 2013, S. Holmes4

Reference Design Performance Goals PAC June 2013, S. Holmes CW Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy3.0GeV Average Beam Current 1 GeV)2mA Average Beam Current 3 GeV1mA Beam Power to 1 GeV program1000kW Beam Power to 3 GeV program2870kW Pulsed Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy8.0GeV Pulse rate10Hz Pulse Width4.3msec Cycles to Recycler/MI6 Particles per cycle to Recycler/MI2.7  Beam Power340kW Beam Power to 8 GeV program170kW Main Injector/Recycler Beam Kinetic Energy (maximum)120GeV Cycle time1.2sec Particles per cycle1.5  Beam Power at 120 GeV2400kW 5 simultaneous

Flexible Beam Structures (Example/Stage 1) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes6 1 GeV 1  sec 1 mA 0.91 mA 0.09 mA f 0 /2 RFQ beam current: 3.64 mA Transverse RF splitter at 1 GeV Bunch pattern created in the MEBT

Staging Fiscal considerations/constraints have motivated development of a staging plan Staging principles: –Compelling physics opportunities at each stage –Cost of each stage substantially <$1B –Utilize existing infrastructure to the extent possible at each stage –Minimize interruptions to the ongoing program at each stage –Achieve full Reference Design capabilities at end of final stage Three stage plan developed in January 2012 – fleshed out over last year Reference Design siting plan developed consistent with staging PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 7

Staging Site Plan PAC June 2013, S. Holmes8

Staged Physics Program * Operating point in range depends on MI energy for neutrinos. ** Operating point in range is depends on MI injector slow-spill duty factor (df) for kaon program. 9 Project X Campaign PAC June 2013, S. Holmes Program: NO A + Proton Improvement Plan Stage-1: 1 GeV CW Linac driving Booster & Muon, n/edm programs Stage-2: Upgrade to 3 GeV CW Linac Stage-3: Project X RDR Stage-4: Beyond RDR: 8 GeV power upgrade to 4MW MI neutrinos kW** kW** 1200 kW2450 kW kW 8 GeV Neutrinos15 kW kW**0-42 kW* kW**0-84 kW*0-172 kW*3000 kW 8 GeV Muon program e.g, (g-2), Mu2e-1 20 kW0-20 kW* kW* 1000 kW 1-3 GeV Muon program, e.g. Mu2e kW1000 kW Kaon Program 0-30 kW** (<30% df from MI) 0-75 kW** (<45% df from MI) 1100 kW1870 kW Nuclear edm ISOL program none0-900 kW kW Ultra-cold neutron program none kW kW Nuclear technology applications none0-900 kW kW MuSR none0-900 kW kW # Programs: Total max power: 735 kW 2222 kW 4284 kW 6492 kW 11870kW

R&D Program The goal is to mitigate risk: technical/cost/schedule Technical Risks –Front End (PXIE – Project X Injector Experiment) –H- injection system Booster in Stage 1, 2; Recycler in Stage 3 –High Intensity Recycler/Main Injector operations –High Power targets Cost Risks –Superconducting rf Cavities, cryomodules, rf sources – CW to long-pulse Nearly all elements are in play at Stage 1  Goal is to be prepared for a construction start in 2018 – most likely Stage 1 (and perhaps Stage 2) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 10

Linac Technology Map PAC June 2013, S. Holmes SectionFreqEnergy (MeV)Cav/mag/CMType RFQ HWR (  opt =0.11) /8/1HWR, solenoid SSR1 (  opt =0.22) /8/ 2SSR, solenoid SSR2 (  opt =0.51) /21/7SSR, solenoid LB 650 (  G =0.61) /20/55-cell elliptical, doublet HB 650 (  G =0.9) /16/75-cell elliptical, doublet HB 650 (  G =0.9) /30/155-cell elliptical, doublet ILC 1.3 (  G =1.0) /28 /289-cell elliptical, quad 11 PXIE  =0.11  =0.22  =0.51  =0.61  = MHz MeV  = GHz 3-8 GeV 650 MHz GeV CW MHz MeV LEBTRFQMEBT RT Pulsed

Project X Injector Experiment PXIE PXIE is the centerpiece of the PX R&D program –Integrated systems test for Project X front end components Validate concept for Project X front end, thereby minimizing primary technical risk element within the Reference Design Operate at full Project X design parameters Systems test goals –1 mA average current with 80% chopping of beam delivered from RFQ –Efficient acceleration with minimal emittance dilution through ~30 MeV PXIE will utilize components constructed to Project X specifications wherever possible –Opportunity to re-utilize selected pieces of PXIE in PX/Stage 1 Collaboration between Fermilab, ANL, LBNL, SNS, India PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 12

PXIE Layout PXIE will address the address/measure the following: –LEBT pre-chopping –Vacuum management in the LEBT/RFQ region –Validation of chopper performance –Bunch extinction –MEBT beam absorber –MEBT vacuum management –Operation of HWR in close proximity to 10 kW absorber –Operation of SSR with beam –Emittance preservation and beam halo formation through the front end PAC June 2013, S. Holmes13 RFQ MEBT HWRSSR1 HEBT LEBT 40 m, ~25 MeV

PXIE Status Technical Technical Components –Ion source operational and characterized (LBNL→FNAL) –LEBT emittance scanner procurement initiated (SNS) –LEBT solenoids ordered (FNAL) –RFQ design complete and procurements initiated (LBNL) –HWR cavity design complete and procurements initiated; CM design in process (ANL) –SSR1 cavity prototypes characterized; CM design in process (FNAL) –Chopper proof-of-principle prototypes and driver development (FNAL, SLAC) Infrastructure –Siting established at CMTF –Shielded enclosure under construction PAC June 2013, S. Holmes14

PXIE Enclosure at CMTF PAC June 2013, S. HolmesPage 15

PXIE time line Stage 1 complete – early FY17 (~Nov 2016) –Beam delivered to the end of MEBT with nearly final parameters (2.1 MeV, 1 mA CW, 80% arbitrary chopping) –SSR1 tested at full rf power Stage 2 complete – Aug 2017 –HWR tested at full rf power Stage 3 complete – Aug 2018 –All elements in place including final kicker and HEBT instrumentation –Beam through HWR and SSR1 PAC June 2013, S. HolmesPage 16

SRF Acceleration Energy gain/cavity for the CW Linac (0-3 GeV) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes17

SRF Development Status and Plans PAC June 2013, S. HolmesPage 18

SRF Development SSR1 (325 MHz) Two prototypes fabricated by industry, processed in collaboration with ANL, and tested at Fermilab as part of HINS program One cavity dressed with He vessel, coupler tuner Two cavities in fabrication at IUAC-Delhi (Q3 FY13 ) Ten cavities fabricated by US industry (all have arrived, 6 tested) –Tests in progress PAC June 2013, S. Holmes19 Bare and dressed prototype SSR1 cavity

SRF Development SSR1 (325 MHz) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes20 Bare cavity at 2 K Microphonics Active Damping: SSR1 dressed cavity Gradient/Q 0 performance: SSR1 bare cavity at 2 K

Prototypes : –Two single-cell  =0.6 cavities received (JLab) –Six single-cell  = 0.9 cavities received; four five-cell on order (AES) –Five single-cell  = 0.9 cavities ordered(PAVAC, ARRA funds) –Prototypes at both  under fabrication in India Infrastructure modifications completed for 650 MHz −Vertical Test Stand −Cavity handling & HPR tooling −Optical inspection system −New electro-polishing tool (ANL) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 21 SRF Development 650 MHz

PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 22 Gradient/Q 0 performance: 650 MHz,  =0.9., single cell at at 2 K Jan 29: EP only; Feb 15: EP+120  C bake; Feb 19: BCP only. SRF Development 650 MHz

SRF Development Improving Q0 PAC June 2013, S. Holmes23 NbN: superconductor with higher T c (~16K, compared to 9.2K for Nb); Nitridization: simple and inexpensive modification to standard Nb treatments. First result at FNAL: world record Q ~ 7.5e10 at 2K and 10MV/m for a 1.3GHz single cell cavity; residual resistance <0.5 nOhm! HF rinse: Single HF rinse (5 min) followed by water rinse is beneficial for the medium field Q value – gains of up to 35% measured at 70 mT, f=1.3 GHz (B peak /E acc =4.26 mT/MeV/m).

Moving Project X Forward Strategy Maintain strong engagement with U.S. strategic planning processes –DOE/SC Ten-Year Facilities Strategy –APS/DPF Community Summer Study (Snowmass on the Mississippi) Maintain CD-0 documentation in a continuing state of readiness –Up-to-date Reference Design Report –Up-to-date Construction Cost Estimate (by stage) –Up-to-date resource requirements for the pre-CD3 phase Align R&D program with risk reduction associated with the Reference Design –Priority on Stages 1 and 2 –Prepare for FY18 construction start Support DOE in negotiating contributions from India PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 24

Moving Project X Forward DOE DOE Intensity Frontier Workshop –Direct input into all WGs – good coverage in final report in all topical areas Office of Science Facilities Plan –Presentations and Whitepapers to HEPAP Facilities Subpanel indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=6381 The importance and breadth of the research program that the Project X accelerator facility enables and enhances leads the accelerator facility to be classified as absolutely central. Although R&D is still required for the spallation target needed by some experiments, all stages of the Project X accelerator facility are ready to initiate construction. Project X experiments that compose the research program range from important to absolutely central, but scientifically the Project X research program as a whole is classified as absolutely central. Being in the planning phase, the construction readiness of the Project X research program is classified as mission and technical requirements not yet fully defined, although some experiments are beyond this phase. Office of High Energy Physics –~Monthly teleconference with Director to lay out development strategy PAC June 2013, S. Holmes25

Moving Project X Forward HEP Community Engagement Many colloquia, seminars, conference talks… 2012 Project X Physics Study –June 14-23, registrants (153 non-Fermilab) indico.fnal.gov/event/projectxps12 Snowmass 2013 –Conveners assigned in relevant groups S. Nagaitsev: Frontier Capabilities/High Intensity Secondary Beams Driven by Protons R. Tschirhart: Intensity Frontier – Frontier Capabilities liaison –Intensity Frontier/HISBDP/BNL indico.bnl.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=617 –Intensity Frontier Workshop/ANL indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=6248 –Volume in preparation: RDR, Research Program, Broader Impacts Online roll-out online at the Users Meeting (June 13); to printer June 20 PAC June 2013, S. Holmes26

Moving Project X Forward Community Engagement beyond HEP Many colloquia, seminars, conference talks… Project X Energy Station Workshop –Jointly organized by Fermilab and PNNL Participation from DOE/NE and DOE/SC (including FES) Discussion/development of “Energy Station” concept FESAC Report to SC Facilities Plan identified Fusion Material Irradiation Facility as: Science Assessment; “absolutely central” Readiness Assessment: “ready to initiate construction” “Viable facility options that meet the mission needs described above include US participation in IFMIF, MTS and Project X.” Project X Muon Spin Rotation (MuSR) Forum –TRIUMF is only Western Hemisphere facility –Natural domain is BES PAC June 2013, S. Holmes27

1 GeV protons Spallation Target Cold Neutrons Fission Materials Fusion Materials Physics Isotopes PNNL Energy Station Concept evolving into Project X Integrated Target Station Goal Develop integrated spallation target station concept to serve DOE-NE, DOE- SC-FES/HEP/NP experimental needs 28 Rational CW spallation neutron source could augment limited US irradiation testing capability Synergy between Physics experimental needs and materials testing for fusion and fission communities Project X – Stage 1 Could provide ~1 MW of beam dedicated to a spallation neutron source for nuclear materials and fuels research (Energy Station) or shared with a physics mission facility with similar neutron source requirements (Integrated Target Station)

Project X Integrated Target Station has the potential to benefit several areas (beyond HEP) Highest priority opportunities within the US Nuclear and Fusion energy programs are irradiation of fusion and fast reactor structural materials. Must provide a fusion and fast reactor relevant neutron flux at a minimum of 20 dpa per calendar year in a reasonable irradiation volume. Enable the in-situ real-time measurements of various separate-effects phenomena in fuels or materials, which would be very valuable to the modeling and simulation technical community. Such capabilities are more feasible in an accelerator-based system than a reactor integral effects testing of fast reactor fuels, including driver fuel, minor actinide burning fuel, and transmutation of spent fuel. support DOE Office of Nuclear Energy plus Office of Science programs Materials Program - Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) Isotope Production Program – Nuclear Physics (NP) ultra cold neutrons – Nuclear Physics (NP) 29

Closed Loop Test Modules  Removable/replaceable/customizable  Independent cooling system  n spectrum/material/temp/pressure to match reactor conditions  ~30 cm dia Spallation Target  Liquid Pb-Bi  >30 neutrons/proton  1 GeV protons penetrate ~50 cm in lead  Neutrons Similar to fission spectrum  Samples can be irradiated in proton beam  Adding W or U can increase n flux density  Small volume ~ 10 cm dia, 60 cm length  Cleanup system for spallation products Reflector  Steel/iron/nickel  High n scatter  Flattens n flux distribution Lead Matrix Test Region  Solid lead with gas or water cooling  ~ 2 m diameter, 3 m length  Low n absorb/ High n scatter  High n flux/ Fast n spectrum  Acts as gamma shield Project X Proton Beam  1 GeV (1 MW) Fast Spectrum Test Module: SFR, LFR, GFR Project X Energy Station Concept 30 Thermal Spectrum Test Module: LWR, HTGR, MSR

Possible Muon Spin Resonance at Project X  SR is a technique invented by Garwin and Lederman. Polarized Muons from stopped pions embedded in material. Spin precession gives information on local fields. No U.S. facility since LAMPF. – PSI, J-PARC, TRIUMF, ISIS (RAL) have active programs – Programs tend to only be able to handle 50% of current demand. – Likely construction of a beamline at RISP also. – Synergy with neutron scattering – real space vs. Fourier transform space. User communities overlap.

Concept for Project X Of greatest scientific interest right now are very low-energy muons (LEM), ~few keV for studies of nm depths. LEM requires high power beam. (~5 x  per proton). PX provides competitive intensities and can benefit from being a new facility to use optimized targetry and beamlines. PX beam flexibility can also be exploited via multiple low-power beamlines of conventional (4 MeV) muons. These beams can be used for fundamental physics. – Classic example is muonium- antimuonium oscillation search. Depth Profile of typical LEM experiment

Status and Activities At present, design is “discussional”. Concepts and layouts being explored. Little experience => making contacts with experts. Extremely successful MuSR Workshop held at FNAL, October – Attended by most major experts in the field. – Accelerators, materials science, chemistry. – University and laboratory scientists, international. Together with ongoing interactions, it is forming the basis of a section for “Broader Impacts” document for Project X. “Pre-conceptual” layout and capabilities generated for that purpose, and to encourage further work.

Moving Project X Forward Collaboration Organized as a “national project with international participation” –Fermilab as lead laboratory Collaboration MOUs for the RD&D phase : NationalIIFC ANLORNL/SNS BARC/Mumbai BNLPNNL IUAC/Delhi CornellUTenn*RRCAT/Indore FermilabTJNAFVECC/Kolkata LBNLSLAC MSUILC/ART NCSU* Recent additions are bringing capabilities we need for experimental programs, in particular neutron targets Ongoing collaboration/contacts with NGLS (LBNL), RISP (Korea), RAL/FETS (UK), ESS (Sweden), SPL (CERN), China/ADS PAC June 2013, S. Holmes34

Collaboration Indian Institutions U.S. DOE – Indian DAE Implementing Agreement on “Accelerator and Particle Detector Research & Development for Discovery Science” – signed in July 2011 –Specific MOUs to be written underneath this agreement Annex I covers Project X (currently under negotiation) Significant Indian in-kind contribution possible (3 GeV linac) Major areas of collaborative development –Superconducting rf (cavities and cryomodules) –RF sources –LLRF –Instrumentation –Cryogenics Goal of the R&D program is to create capabilities in India to allow contribution to the construction phase (of PX…or their own facility) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes35

Summary Project X represents a unique opportunity for the U.S. to establish a world leading Intensity Frontier program that will persist for decades. –Broadband attack on central questions of particle physics utilizing neutrino, kaon, muon, nucleon, and atomic probes –6 MW beam power available at energies ranging from 1 to 120 GeV –Platform for future development of a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider Reference Design represents a complete, integrated, concept meeting the primary mission goals established for Project X –Unmatched by any other facility, either in existence or in the planning stages, within the world today. Staging strategy with compelling physics opportunities at each stage R&D program underway –Directly tied to mitigating risks associated with the Reference Design, and preparing for construction  Project X could start construction in the second half of this decade PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 36

Backup Slides PAC June 2013, S. Holmes37

Beam Structure (Stage 2,3; example) PAC June 2013, S. Holmes38 RFQ beam current: 5.0 mA

PXIE Status Organizational PXIE is not a Project; it is a (major) sub-set of the Project X R&D Program –Organization Chart –Resource Loaded Schedule Complete design concept –Technical Design Handbook Complete set of Functional Requirements Specifications Major (Internal) Technical Reviews PXIE ProgramMarch 2012 HWR Design March 2012 RFQ Design April 2012 RFQ Design UpdateNovember 2012 DOE Technical, Cost, Schedule Review: January 2013 Funding Plan –Devoting ~70% of Project X and 25% of SRF funds to PXIE PAC June 2013, S. Holmes39

PAC June 2013, S. HolmesPage 40 PXIE MEBT #1-Emitttance, laser, Wire scanner, scrapper #2- Kicker #4-Kicker #3-Wire scanner, fast Faraday cup, RF #5-Absorber, OTR #6–Diff. pumping, scrapper, wire scanner, Slow valve, Toroid #0- Scrapper, RF #7-Scrapper, RF, Slow valve, Extinction monitor #8 – Fast valve, DCCT, Toroid, Laser wire, wire scrapper, Scrapper ? Chopped beam Passing beam

Project X Goals The goal is to construct and operate the foremost Intensity Frontier facility in the world. A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments –2 MW proton source at GeV MW-class proton beams at 1 & 3 GeV for kaon, muon, neutrino, and nuclei/ nuetron based precision experiments –Operations simultaneous with the neutrino program A path toward a muon source for possible future Neutrino Factory and/or a Muon Collider –Upgradable to ~4 MW at ~5-15 GeV Possible missions beyond particle physics –Energy and materials applications PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 41

SRF Development Project X Cavity Requirements PAC June 2013, S. Holmes 42 SectionFreq. MHz Gain per cavity, MeV Gradient*, MeV/m Peak electric field, MV/m Peak magnetic field, mT R/Q, Ohm Q (10 10 ) RF load per cavity, W HWR (  G =0.11) SSR1 (  G =0.22) SSR2 (  G =0.51) LB650 (  G =0.61) HB650 (  G =0.9) GHz (pulsed) ** *L eff =  G n/2, n is number of cells, ** Duty factor is 8%

PAC June 2013, S. Holmes43 SRF Plan

Chopper Driver PAC June 2013, S. Holmes44

SRF Development 650 MHz PAC June 2013, S. Holmes45 Gradient/Q0 performance: Single cell  =0.6 cavities from JLab

PNNL Energy Station Concept 46 A new approach utilizing the flexibility of an accelerator neutron source with spectral tailoring coupled with a careful design of a set of independent test loops can provide a flexible neutron test station for DOE NE applications

Spectrum Tailoring Can Simulate A Different Reactor in Each Module 47 Water/Zr Light Water ModuleGraphite/He Module Sodium/steel ModuleLead/steel Module

Moving Project X Forward Community Engagement PAC June 2013, S. Holmes48

Protons to Spallation  SR target LEM target Protons to Muon/Booster LEM 1 LEM 2  SR 3  SR 1  SR 2  SR 4 Project X Protons  SR Muons Low Energy Muons for  SR Spallation Muon Area/Booster  SR Target f 0 /2 filter f 0 /4 filter

Cost Estimate Bottoms up estimate based on the Reference Design –Estimate is for the construction period, CD-3 through CD-4 –Based on construction duration of 5 years/stage Scope is from ion source through kickers and/or separators DOE style estimate, includes –Purchases from vendors –All labor (FNAL rates) –All overheads (FNAL rates) –Contingency (40%) Does not account for possible Indian in-kind contribution Estimate in FY2013 dollars: Stage 1$670M Stage 2$500M Stage 3$660M PAC June 2013, S. HolmesPage 50