Biology Semester 2 2012-13

1/28/13 Entry Task What are the 4 main kinds of biological molecules? Which elements are most common in those? Notes on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Extra Time? Read about cycles of matter and energy pages 41-49

Biological Macromolecules 1. carbohydrates – think “sugar” 2. lipids – think “fats” 3. proteins – think “lots of different kinds…hair and skin and hormones are made of these” 4. nucleic acid – think “genetic material like DNA” Most common elements: C, H, O, N

1/29/13 Entry Task Using arrows and words (flow chart) show a possible cycle for carbon starting and ending with the atmosphere. Finish notes on Nitrogen Cycle. Start Energy and Matter mini-posters.

Mini-posters: Cycles of Carbon, Nitrogen and Energy MATTER: Choose and draw a plant and its herbivore. Add arrows to show the cycle of CARBON from the atmosphere to the plant (photosynthesis) to the animal (cellular respiration) and back to the atmosphere. You may use the molecular formulas“CO2” carbon dioxide and “C6H12O6” glucose Add arrows to show the cycle of NITROGEN from the atmosphere to nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil, into the plants and animals and back to soil (waste) or back to the atmosphere (by denitrifying bacteria). ENERGY: Draw the sun. Add arrows to show the flow of ENERGY from radiant energy to chemical energy stored in glucose during photosynthesis. Add more arrows to show the herbivore eating and converting that chemical energy to the energy of ATP and losing energy as heat

1/30/13 Entry Task Explain how energy and matter are different.

Energy Flows and Matter Cycles

1/31/13 Entry Task Trace the energy flow from the sun to your lunch to the basketball game. HINT: energy forms you may use: nuclear, radiant, chemical (food or ATP), motion, heat Complete Matter and Energy Project. Extra Time? Add color and details!!

2/1/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets! Study Guide

2/4/13 Entry Task Take out your red standards sheets. Assess yourself on #8, 9, 10, 24 and 25 in the winter column. On entry task, explain which standard you are most confident and WHAT you know. Give examples!

Today’s Work Complete the study guide DUE AT THE END OF CLASS!!!. You may use this on the quiz and tomorrow’s Jeopardy Game. Quiz moved to WEDNESDAY! Finished early? Write 5 Jeopardy Q/A Categories: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Cycles of Carbon and Nitrogen, Energy Flow

2/5/13 Entry Task How is the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle similar? Different? Explain! PLAY JEOPARDY!

2/6/13 Entry Task Summarize what you did yesterday and explain what you think is coming next.

2/7/13 Entry Task Prepare for quiz – take out papers you may like to use. Photosynthesis/yeast labs Carbon/nitrogen cycle notes Study Guide YOU MAY NOT USE OTHER PEOPLE’S WORK! Please move where asked… Do your best! ATTACH YOUR STUDY GUIDE TO YOUR QUIZ!!

2/8/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets.

Today’s work Read the first paragraph of “The Cell Cycle” on page 246. What are some causes and effects of the cell cycle? Please list one cause and effect for the entry task and a total of 3 on the worksheet. Read pages 246-249. Take notes! Complete #2 and #4 on page 247.

Today’s Work Watch the cell cycle video/animation. On your notes page – answer the 5 questions after the video. Please turn in your work

2/13/13 Entry Task Is the diagram on page 249 showing you multiple cells or a single cell undergoing changes? Explain! ANSWER: Single cell undergoing changes during the cell cycle. Starts with interphase (regular cell growth) and ends with cytokinesis (cytoplasm getting cut). Mitosis (nucleus splitting) is four steps in the middle

2/14/13 Entry Task List and briefly describe what happens during the 3 stages of the cell cycle. Interactive animation of mitosis Watch cell division LIVE

Tuesday 2/19/13 Entry Task Both mitosis and cytokinesis are involved in cell division. What’s the difference? Review rubric. Choose partner. Start models. STANDARD: I can describe and model the process of mitosis, in which one cell divides, producing two cells, each with copies of paired chromosomes from the original cell.(EALR 4 LS1)

2/20/13 Entry Task List here your key for these parts to your model: Nuclear membrane chromosomes – (total 2 pairs) chromatids centromere spindle centriole cell membrane SEATING CHART!!

Before we start the project… Review recent QUIZZES! Complete a reflection if you would like a better score… MANDATORY reflections for scores of 15 or less! Remember, to get points back, you must explain: A. What went wrong? B. What is now more clear? C. The correct answer.

2/21/13 Entry Task Copy this timeline: Tuesday Feb 19th – choose parts and write key; assemble parts Wednesday Feb 20th – sketch one cell becoming 2 cells on large paper “game board; begin writing instructions Thursday and Friday February 21st and 22nd - complete instructions; underline words, practice with own model, make sure instructions are complete and would be “user friendly” for another group Monday February 25th – ALL MODELS DUE!! Trade and evaluate another group’s model.

2/22/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!

2/25/13 Entry Task Compare the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells to the number of chromosomes in the mother cell. ANSWER: The daughter cells should end up with the exact number of chromosomes as the parent cell!!!

Today’s Work Finish Cell Division Models: “Game Board” – sketch of all stages of cell division on which parts of model can be moved INSTRUCTIONS – how to move the pieces of your model through the cell cycle. ALL VOCABULARY UNDERLINED. YOUR MODEL – Common objects to represent the parts of the cell - include a written key. Finished early? Start geranium root cell division! Back table…watch video first… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qgq9CFopd4c

2/26/13 Entry Task Review rubric. What will you be graded on? What do you need to do in the next 25 minutes to get FOURS in each category? Review rubric

Today’s Work 25 minutes – Finish models: sketch “game board,” instructions, and parts of model. 20 minutes – trade and grade with another team. Other team MUST FILL OUT BOTTOM ROW OF RUBRIC! LAST 5 – all models turned in for Ms. Maring to grade

2/27/13 Entry Task How do scientific ideas change over time? What influences the ideas?

Take Notes! You will be making a timeline from the information in this movie. NOTES: WHO - people, WHAT - contributions to scientific ideas AND political issues/ gender constraints of the era WHERE - country where they conducted their work, WHEN - YEAR(s) of effort WHY – why was this discovery important?

2/28/13 Entry Task What is a TIMELINE?

Discuss Answers A timeline is a graphic representation of the passage of time as a line. Either vertical like facebook or horizontal… EXAMPLE http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zr2Mh-uoWfg/T6BQf69mDLI/AAAAAAAACmk/l_QQlVJ-sis/s1600/Timeline_Inventions.jpg Often, past on the left…current on the right. Remember the spaces on the timeline should be even. For example if you want to span 200 years over 10 inches, every inch would be 20 years.

3/1/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!

3/4/13 Entry Task List THREE interesting people and their discoveries from the movie last week.

Today’s Work Complete movie. Discuss notes. Set up timeline. Complete your timeline with your partner.

1812 – Michael Faraday, electricity/magnetism, London, only gentleman are scientists 1885 Einstein as a child 1771 – Antoine Lavoisier, France, Conservation of Mass, French Revolution, he gets guillotine—disliked tax collector 1897 Einstein in high school, poor student, fascinated by light 1846 – Faraday realizes electricity and magnetism are connected, invents electric motor, names the “invisible light” electromagnetism 1722- Emilie du Chatalay, France, before her time, translated Newton’s principia and realized he had made an error, velocity should be squared, fell in love with poet Voltaire, died at 43 1905 – Einstein’s miracle year, Germany, 5 papers, including E=mc2 in 3 pages 1919 – Fame finds Einstein and he divorces Mileva, marries cousin 1907 – Berlin, Germany; Lisa Meitner becomes first professor (1912)of physics 1920-30 “Golden Age of Nuclear Research” 1930’s – Nazis drive out Jewish intellectuals; Einstein leaves in 1933; Meitner barely escapes in 1938 1938 – Sweden, Robert Frisch (nephew) and Meitner “split the atom” realizing that lost mass is converted directly to energy during nuclear fission 1942 Manhattan Project in US; bombs contain only a couple pounds of Uranium and Plutonium

Gaps in your Notes http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/ancestors-einstein.html TIMELINE SCALE: 1 inch = 20 years ½ inch = 10 years ¼ inch = 5 years TIMESPAN: 1722-1942

3/5/13 Entry Task Describe cell division using the vocabulary: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, daughter cells.

Today’s Work Test and assess another team’s cell division model. Write your names on the rubric. Add some notes to accompany your assessment. Finished? Do the crossword on Inquiry Skills.

3/6/13 #1,7,8,9,10,19,24 and 25 in the WINTER column Entry Task Take out your red standards sheets. Please assess yourself for standards: #1,7,8,9,10,19,24 and 25 in the WINTER column

ANSWERS

Today’s Work Get back your Semester 1 benchmark tests. DAY 1 – if you got 5 or less you are required to do a REFLECTION. DAY 2 – if you got 8 or less you are required to do a REFLECTION What do my grading marks mean? Review answers. Complete reflections…

3/7/13 Entry Task Look at the first column of the scoring rubrics for Conclusions and Plan an Investigation. Which parts do you know best? Least? For the ones you know the least, write an explanation of it here!

ANSWERS EXTRA VALIDITY MEASURE – something you do EXTRA (like larger sample size or more trials) to be extra sure of your results. EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL CONDITION – the portion of the experiment which you do not change!

Today’s Work Today is the last day (for a while) to practice our inquiry skills. As you work, have your rubric next to you – get all the points! You will write a conclusion and have your table partner grade it using the rubric. You will also plan an investigation today or tomorrow and have your table partner grade it using the rubric. Use “how did that plant get here?”

3/8/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets. REMINDER – reflections on benchmark needed from: Day 1 – Jordan, Tylor, savannah, Sid C, Teiya, Rey, Keyshawn, Britt, Cody, Jessica, Tommy, Dylan Day 2 - EVERYONE

3/11/13 Entry Task If you have turned in your reflection or did not need to, 2 free points! Good luck this week on HSPE!! Get out “How did that plant get here?” – plan your investigation

Missing steps… 1. Reflection Day 1 – Tylor, Savannah, Sid C, Dylan, Teiya, Keyshawn, Britt, Cody, Jessica, Tommy 2. Reflection Day 2 – Jordan, Trey, Savannah, Sid C, Teiya, Rey, Keyshawn, Cody, Jessica, Anna, Sid S, Kayley, Tommy, Dylan 3. Conclusion from last week – Jordan, Trey, Savannah, Sid C, Dylan, Keyshawn, Britt, Jessica, Kayley, Pat, Geraldine, Teiya 4. TODAY – Plan an investigation! 5. Finished early? Inquiry Skills Crossword

3/18/13 Entry Task What is DNA? Where in your body is it? What is a nucleotide? Glossary definition! Consider the diagram on page 329 (top). What are the 3 main parts of a nucleotide?

Standards on DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid 13. I can describe how DNA molecules are long chains linking four subunits (smaller molecules) whose sequence encodes genetic information. EALR 4 LS1 14. I can illustrate the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins. EALR 4 LS1

DNA structure NOTES pages 329-331 Nucleotides It is the genetic material in the nucleus Nucleotides make up nucleic acids 2 kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA DNA nucleotides: Sugar deoxyribose A phosphate A nitrogen containing base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Base pairing in DNA Chargaff’s Rule Silly memory trick: Amount of A = T Amount of G = C G’s and C’s are curvy letters so they go together A’s and T’s are straight letters so they go together

Structure of DNA Bases stick together with hydrogen bonds Phosphates (P) and sugars make the backbone of ladder Bases make the rungs. Twist into a spiral staircase or DOUBLE HELIX NOTE: the strands are opposite or antiparallel

X-ray diffraction Watson and Crick Rosalind Franklin took photograph 51 showing double helix Used Chargaff’s data, photograph 51, and built a model of DNA

3/19/13 Entry Task If you were to build a model of DNA using candy as the parts of a nucleotide, what would some of the benefits and limitations of that model be? Consider size, substance, and function of real DNA and compare to your potential model.

ANSWERS Size of candy model would be WAY larger! Substance – similar because DNA has a sugar in it but DNA has deoxy ribose sugar. DNA also has smaller molecules like phosphate group and nitrogenous bases. DNA carries genetic information – tells each cell what to do!

Candy DNA Clean all surfaces Each group will need large paper, 3 orange, 3 green, 3 yellowish, 3 red gummi bears. 12 red licorice (phosphates), 12 black licorice (sugar deoxyribose), small handful toothpicks. Use instructions sheet and yesterday’s notes to build your DNA. You should work through #4 and show Ms. M. You will need to identify all parts: Sugar deoxyribose, phosphate, base (name them) and say matches, 5’ end, 3’ end, NO EATING SCIENCE PROJECTS (until you have shown Ms. M) Answer focus question #1. Finished with steps 1-4 and Ms. Maring’s approval? You may each eat one nucleotide while you read and consider steps 6-8. Each group will need large paper, 3 orange, 3 green, 3 yellow, 3 red gummi bears. 12 red licorice (phosphates), 12 black licorice (sugar deoxyribose), small handful toothpicks.

3/20/13 Entry Task Explain base pairing in DNA. How was this represented in your models? How did we represent the chemical bonds holding the parts of DNA together? REMEMBER – DNA is a MACROMOLECULE (meaning large molecule) made up of long strands of connected smaller molecules.

ANSWERS Toothpicks (or drawn lines) represent chemical bonds. Base pairing A and T (adenine goes with thymine) and G and C (guanine goes with cytosine). We represented base pairing with gummy bear colors matching – We had green go with orange and yellowish went with red.

3/21/13 Entry Task Remember the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis). During which part of the cell cycle does the DNA REPLICATE? Hint – try page 249.

Today’s Work Take notes on DNA replication Work on missing work based on missing work sheets.

DNA Replication Notes Semiconservative replication Enzyme: Helicase Enzyme: DNA polymerase Means parent strand serve as template for daughters Unwinds and unzips DNA Adds matching nucleotides (A=T and G=C) starting at 3’ ends Each group will need

Leading: One side replicates continuously (3’ to 5’ direction bottom of “zipper” up) Lagging: The other side replicates in small chunks or Okazaki fragments (3’ to 5’ direction which means inside of “zipper” down) Leading and lagging

3/22/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets. Graph benchmark scores on inquiry skills. Review notes. Begin modeling DNA replication.

Inquiry Skills – have your scores improved this year? Graph your fall and winter benchmark scores based on the information Ms. Maring gives you. {NOTE: your may use the fall graph from the back of the red standards pages…then complete the winter scores} Hand me your graphs – I will give them to your advisor. You may use these as “best works” at your conference.

3/25/13 Entry Task What does the word REPLICATION mean? If a nucleotide had a GUANINE base, which base would the matching nucleotide have? WRITE MATCHES FOR THE FOLLOWING SEQUENCE: AATAGC

ANSWERS Replication means to make a copy! CYTOSINE TTATCG Please get out your notes and project sheet.

DNA replication Show DNA replication using your 3 remaining paired PARENT nucleotides. Show unzipping using DNA helicase. Show replication by building and matching new nucleotides on the inside of the zipper. REMEMBER: always add nucleotides in the 3’ to 5’ direction!! Before eating, show Ms. M your semiconservative replication – POINT to the parent strands and daughter strands and explain that the daughters were constructed in opposite directions. You may consume Each group will need large paper, 6 orange, 6 green, 6 yellow, 6 red gummi bears. 24 red licorice (phosphates), 24 black licorice (sugar deoxyribose), small handful toothpicks.

3/26/13 Entry Task Using words like “inside” and “outside,” explain where the daughter strands get built? How is the parent strand like a template?

ANSWERS The parent strands UNZIP and the daughter strands are built on the inside of BOTH parent strands. The parent strand is like a template because the daughter nucleotides MATCH (we know that cytosine matches guanine and thymine matches adenine)

DNA replication Show DNA replication using your 3 remaining paired PARENT nucleotides. Show unzipping using DNA helicase. Show replication by building and matching new nucleotides on the inside of the zipper. REMEMBER: always add nucleotides in the 3’ to 5’ direction!! Before eating, show Ms. M your semiconservative replication – POINT to the parent strands and daughter strands and explain that the daughters were constructed in opposite directions. You may consume Each group will need large paper, 6 orange, 6 green, 6 yellow, 6 red gummi bears. 24 red licorice (phosphates), 24 black licorice (sugar deoxyribose), small handful toothpicks.

3/27/13 Entry Task After replication, compare the two new strands of DNA. Are they the same or different? How? NOTE – all missing work due FRIDAY! End of Quarter is 2 days after spring break…

ANSWERS The parent strands unzipped using DNA helicase. Next daughter nucleotides were built to match the parent nucleotides. The TWO NEW STRANDS ARE IDENTICAL TO THE ORIGINAL PARENT STRAND!!!!!!

Today’s Work Complete replication if you have not. Answer 5 questions at bottom of DNA project page. Turn in project page. Turn in your notes. Missing work time.

3/28/13 Entry Task Red standards sheets #13. Please self assess in Spring column! Write a short reflection on what you now understand about the structure of DNA. TOMORROW LAST DAY FOR MISSING WORK!

Today… Watch video on DNA REPLICATION as review Play Jeopardy Missing work if failing…

3/28/13 Entry Task – Thursday Why do you think the analogy of DNA as a cell’s instruction manual is a good idea? Reread page 336. Today we will begin discussing how proteins are made using the instructions of DNA

3/29/13 Entry Task Please turn in entry task sheets. Get stuff out for QUIZ. SAY SOMETHING NICE AFTER QUIZ!! If you get a packet, work on it after quiz!!

4/8/13 Entry Task Calculate your quiz percentage. If you got 14 or less, you are required to complete a reflection. If you do not need or want to do a reflection, please quietly read pages 372-379.

4/9/13 Entry Task Read the section “Central Dogma” on page 336. What is the central dogma?

Standards and Objectives I can illustrate the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce proteins. EALR 4 LS1

Today’s Work We just finished showing how DNA gets copied so a cell can divide and end up with the same amount. Now we will look at DNA’s “job” –it contains the secret code, or instruction manual for making proteins. The DNA inside every cell, does its job every day. There are a number of steps: DNA is transcribed to mRNA (rewritten) mRNA is translated by a ribosome tRNA brings the amino acids to form a chain, or protein. LOOK AT PAGE 339.

DNA transciption and translation Watch a video and take notes. Watch an animation of the process. What did you learn? Write a short reflection on the “job” of DNA and how it is read to turn into proteins which become YOU!

Biology 4/10/13 Entry Task – Wednesday Write a short reflection on the “job” of DNA and how it is read to turn into proteins which become YOU! Today we will begin our mRNA necklaces which are encoded to spell your name

Today’s Work Write the name your mRNA necklace will code for (probably your name). “Work backwards” to figure out the DNA strand this came from. What color and how many beads will you need? Learn the knots!

4/11/13 Entry Task Compare the chart of codons on page 338 to your chart of codons on your project sheet. What do codons normally code for? What do your codons code for? How is letters forming words a good analogy for amino acids forming proteins?

Answers Codons (or 3 bases of mRNA) code for an amino acid. In our model, a codon (or 3 beads representing 3 bases of mRNA) codes for a letter in our name. Letters have to be put in the right order to form the right word just like amino acids are put together in the right order to form a protein.

4/12/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!

4/15/13 Entry Task Which comes first? DNA or protein? Explain the process from DNA to protein.

Answers DNA starts the process and it is in the nucleus Transcription changes it to mRNA Then it goes out to the cytoplasm and the ribosomes (protein “factory”) Where translation occurs Then tRNA transfers the amino acids to make a chain The chain is a protein

Today’s Work Finish necklaces and answer questions on worksheet. You will be graded on completion of your necklace and a completed worksheet. ALSO, turn in your “Central Dogma” notes!!! Read and take notes for the lab we will do tomorrow. NOTE: I have small rings if you would like to hang your DNA as a pendant from your mRNA necklace.

4/17/13 Entry Task On a scale of 1 to 4, how well do you understand this standard at this point? I can explain that regulation of cell functions can occur by changing the activity of proteins within cells and/or by changing whether and how often particular genes are expressed.

Today’s Work Check DNA – DO NOT SHAKE!!!! With a pipette, carefully suck the DNA out and place in pendant. Add some of the clear alcohol (top layer of liquid) as a preservative. Put the ring around the hinge OR a piece of embroidery thread. This can go on your necklace… BE SURE YOUR NECKLACE COMPLETION IS IN GRADEBOOK. Answer questions together… Finished? Next assignment…

Gene Regulation and Expression I can explain that regulation of cell functions can occur by changing the activity of proteins within cells and/or by changing whether and how often particular genes are expressed. EALR 4 LS1 READ PAGES 32 and 33 in the purple book. Answer the following questions: Explain the term “differentiation” and how this helps tune a cell to perform a particular job. Compare and contrast two kinds of cells in the body and the different proteins each makes. Go to http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein List the 3 types of proteins and their functions.

DNA extraction lab Read the background and information section. We will work through the steps of the lab together. The “solution station” will be at the front lab station. Please throw away your cups after use. You may either tie the DNA pendant to your mRNA necklace OR tie it onto a piece of embroidery thread.

Biology 4/16/13 Entry Task What are genes—how are they related to DNA and proteins? How do you think different cells specialize to do their job if they all contain the SAME DNA? ANSWER – genes are portions of DNA code which code for polypeptides or pieces of proteins. Several genes may be involved in an entire protein. GENE REGULATION AND EXPRESSION

Biology 4/18/13 Entry Task Use your book to find these answers… What is meiosis? It sounds like mitosis but is significantly different – how?

Answers Meiosis is the making of sperm and eggs. From ONE PARENT cell FOUR reproductive cells are made (vs TWO daughter cells in mitosis) Daughter cells after mitotic cell division are IDENTICAL to their parent. When you have MEIOTIC cell division the resulting cells are DIFFERENT from the parent cell. The resulting cells have ½ the genetics.

Standards I can describe and model the process of meiosis in which egg and sperm cells are formed with only one set of chromosomes from each parent cell. EALR 4 LS1   I can model and explain the process of genetic recombination that may occur during meiosis and how this then results in differing characteristics in offspring. I can describe the process of fertilization that restores the original chromosome number while reshuffling the genetic information, allowing for variation among offspring.

4/19/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!!

4/22/13 Entry Task There is another kind of cell division called MEIOSIS. Write a definition of meiosis IN YOUR OWN WORDS! Meiosis Video – first watch answer focus questions and take notes. Second watch – pause and use models to show crossing over and recombination

Meiosis – how reproductive CELLS are made This is a different kind of division. Results in sperm or egg which have only HALF the genetic information. FERTILIZATION: ½ mother’s genetics + ½ father’s genetics = 1 cell with all the genetic informationhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html Each table group – 4 layered coffee filters, 4 blue chromosomes (long, short), 4 red chromosomes (long, short)

Meiosis Use a model to show how sperm/eggs have ½ the number of chromosomes as parent cells. Show crossing over – DNA is “mixed” among the pairs. Focus Questions: What is the result of meiosis? Where in the human body would this occur? Which cells in the body are diploid? Which cells in the body are haploid? Organisms inherit DNA from their parents. Why is it important that reproductive cells have ½ the DNA of a regular cell?

4/23/13 Entry Task Take out your red sheets. Assess your progress on standards: 13, 14, 18, 20,21 Next topic: GENETICS Copy extra red sheets…

Today’s Work Much of this will be recall from last year and we’ll take it further (faster!). Take Punnett Square notes Punnett square practice – due tomorrow!.

4/24/13 Entry Task If a parent cell had 46 chromosomes, how many would the gamete cell (egg or sperm) have? Make Dragon Babies!

4/25/13 Entry Task Read the section “Genes in pairs” on page 278. How are genes and alleles related? If T is dominant ability to roll tongue and t is recessive inability to roll tongue, what is the genotype of a person who cannot roll their tongue?

Answers Alleles are alternative forms of a single gene. Tt = roll tongue TT = roll tongue Tt = CANNOT roll tongue

4/26/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!!

4/29/13 What would the possible gametes be from RrYy? Entry Task What would the possible gametes be from RrYy? Do a punnett square for RrYy x RrYy. R is dominant for round peas over wrinkled. Y is dominant for Yellow peas over green. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/dihyb2.gif ANSWERS

Today’s Work Dragon Babies: EACH student should have 4 autosomal chromosomes AND 1 sex chromosome. Write down genotype for each chromosome (front and back) for Mom and Dad. Flipping the chrosomes represents meiosis. The side facing up goes in egg/sperm. Recombine alleles to get genotype for baby for each trait. Look at chart to determine phenotype.

4/30/13 Entry Task: In the dragon environment, one of their favorite and most abundant prey animals is a turtle whose shell can only be split by fire. Which dragon babies are more likely to survive and reproduce? Over generations, do you think fire breathing will increase or decrease? What might happen to the non-fire breathing dragons? On the other side of the mountains, turtles have gone extinct but birds are abundant. Which trait would you expect in dragons there?

Today’s Work Draw your dragons. Label each trait. Work on the questions on the last page. Each team will turn in a completed drawing and completed dragon packet.

5/1/13 What is the genotype for a heterozygous tall and hairy tomato plant, where the dominant gene is T for tall and H for hairy? What is the genotype for a dwarf and hairless tomato plant? CROSS:

One more practice: Two trait crosses FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last). To figure out the four types of gametes. Place one parent’s gametes along top, other parent’s gametes along side. Genotypes: Phenotypes:

Today’s Work Go over dragon questions. One more practice: Two Trait crosses. Finished early? Read text of sections 15.1 and 15.2. Complete review questions at the end of EACH section

5/2/13 Entry Task Google or look in a biology book: What is a genome? Today’s Work: read the short article: Coelacanth Genes Mapped, "Living Fossil" Evolved Slowly. THEN, read as much as you can of the original scientific article, “The African Coelacanth Genome Provides Insights into TetraPod Evolution.” Do an article summary on one of the articles. Double points if you do the more difficult article!! Print article and article summary guides.

5/3/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Turn in your entry task sheets!! QUIZ on Meiosis and Genetics MONDAY!

Today’s Work Be sure the following are turned in: Meiosis Questions Punnett Notes and Worksheet Dragon Packet (EACH PERSON) and drawing (one per group) Punnett Practice “One more time” Coelecanth Article Summary QUIZ STUDY QUESTIONS (due with Quiz on Monday) Use these pages of the book: p.269-276 AND p. 277-282.

5/6/13 Entry Task None – prepare for quiz…get back papers and organize them to use as a resource. QUIZ – Meiosis and Genetics TURN IN YOUR STUDY QUIDE! Worth 10 pts!!

5/7/13 Entry Task What is artificial selection? Consult the textbook! P. 419. What is natural selection p. 420.

Answers Artificial selection is selective breeding in other words you want certain traits so you pick specific animals to breed. Natural Selection is the process where some die and some live due to their different advantages or disadvantages in their environment.

Rock Pocket Mouse Watch video -- take notes http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/comparative/ Run simulation to see how coat color changes over generations of mice in a changing environment. REFLECT: How do random changes in organisms interact with a changing environment? What happens over many generations? Start Rock Pocket Mouse Packet http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/activities/pocketmouse/Mouse_ColorVariation_Student.pdf http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/activities/pocketmouse/Mouse_ColorVariation_Teacher.pdf

5/8/13 Entry Task How do random changes in organisms interact with a changing environment? What happens over many generations? Answers: If an organism inherits a trait which gives it an advantage, it MAY survive better and have more offspring than others. Over generations, this advantageous trait will increase.

5/9/13 Entry Task What are the four laws of nature?

5/10/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Please turn in your entry task sheets!!

Today’s Work Positive and Negative Feedback Loops Short Video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLv3SkF_Eag Read an article. http://n.pr/133KHF0 “How can identical twins turn out so different?” LABEL the feedback loops described in the article: NEGATIVE (stabilizing) or POSITIVE (amplifying) APPLY feedback loops to your grade!! Do you need to stabilize or amplify?

5/13/13 Entry Task What are the four laws of nature which drive change in organisms over time? (HINT: read the top standard for Biology)

ANSWERS FOUR LAWS WHICH DRIVE CHANGE IN ORGANISMS OVER TIME: 1. population growth 2.inherited variability of offspring 3. limited supply of resources (food, space, h2o, etc) 4. because of the environment only some offspring will survive and reproduce

Natural and Artificial Selection http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/Selection/01.html View power point and video clips. Take notes. Answer review questions. Complete Rock Pocket mouse activity.

Evolution Focus Questions What is the difference between artificial and natural selection? What are the four “laws of nature” which drive change in species over time? How many genes control growth of bones in dogs? How do we know dogs are all one species? How many generations does it take for a species to change? Please use sticklebacks or dogs as an example. How does the fossil record help us identify changes in species over long periods of time? What are the forms of evidence we have that species change over time (consider pages 423-427, especially the headings)?

5/14/13 Entry Task What are the forms of evidence we have that species change over time (consider pages 423-427, especially the headings)?

Today’s Work Watch last two videos. Complete Rock Pocket Mouse Activity. Answer Rock Pocket Mouse questions. Extra Time? Start Fossil Lab.

5/15/13 Entry Task How can you use the fossil record to help identify changes in species over long periods of time? Discuss and turn in Mouse Lab REFLECTIONS on Genetics Quiz Fossil Lab

Answers Dig down to older layers of sediment (usually deeper in the sediment layers). Look at skeletal morphology. Look at more current fossils (usually in more shallow sediment layers). Look at skeletal morphology. Compare the MORPHOLOGY of the skeletons. Assess EVOLUTION = change in species over time.

5/16/13 Entry Task How do you think a field study would be different than a lab experiment? BIOLOGY EOC: Wed MAY 29th, Thurs MAY 30th, Fri MAY 31st Passing Required for Graduation

Helpful Links for the EOC http://www.uni.edu/chfasoa/reliabilityandvalidity.htm for reliability vs validity http://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bild2.FA07/documents/Lect15_000.pdf for negative feedback loop of insulin acting on blood sugar http://www.nagb.org/assets/documents/publications/frameworks/tech2014-framework/ch_2/design2.html for constraints and limitations

5/17/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Turn in your entry task sheets! Discuss last night’s homework…practice part 1 HOMEWORK: Complete EOC practice part 2 for discussion on Monday.

5/20/13 Is this a positive or negative feedback loop? Entry Task Is this a positive or negative feedback loop? If the blood temperature falls too low, on the other hand, this is also sensed by the hypothalamus and signals are sent to the cutaneous arteries (those supplying the skin) to constrict them. Warm blood is then retained deeper in the body and less heat is lost from the surface. If this is inadequate, then the brain activates shivering. Each muscle tremor in shivering releases heat energy and helps warm the body back toward its 37 degrees Celsius set point. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Ho-La/Homeostasis.html#ixzz2Tmo3qHz7

Today’s Work Discuss questions 9-15 on the EOC practice sheets #1…turn them in. In Class: #1-6 on EOC practice sheets #2. HOMEWORK: whichever items are incomplete from #1-6.

Helpful Links for the EOC http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0 for active vs passive transport http://www.diffen.com/difference/Meiosis_vs_Mitosis OR http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html for Meiosis vs Mitosis

5/21/13 Entry Task Of the 2 kinds of cell division, which one produces reproductive cells (aka gametes)? Compare the # of chromosomes in gametes to the # in regular cells. You may use a human cell as an example.

Answers MEIOSIS produces gametes or reproductive cells. Rerproductive cells have HALF the chromosomes as regular cells

Today’s Work Discuss #1-6 on EOC practice sheet #2. IN CLASS: work on #7-10.

5/22/13 Entry Task If a population of butterflies average 10 individuals per square mile, what is the population density? What is the general formula to calculate population density?

Today’s Work Discuss #7-10 on EOC practice #2 sheets. IN CLASS: work on #11-17 HOMEWORK: whatever is incomplete from EOC practice sheets.

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Helpful Links for the EOC Short Video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLv3SkF_Eag for positive and negative feedback loops http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/PH_scale for pH definition http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Chem_AcidsBasespHScale.shtml more on pH with comparisons of common acids and bases http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes.htm Why do enzymes work best at particular temperatures or pH levels?

5/23/13 Entry Task Is this a positive or negative feedback loop? An example of its beneficial effect is seen in blood clotting. Part of the complex biochemical pathway of clotting is the production of an enzyme that forms the matrix of the blood clot, but also speeds up the production of still more thrombin. That is, it has a self- catalytic , self-accelerating effect, so that once the clotting process begins, it runs faster and faster until, ideally, bleeding stops. Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/Ho-La/Homeostasis.html#ixzz2Ts9alt00

Answers Thus, this positive feedback loop is part of a larger negative feedback loop, one that is activated by bleeding and ultimately works to stop the bleeding.

5/28/13 Entry Task Write down the one biggest thing you feel unclear about for the test. What question will you ask today to help get that clarified? What information will you need to review tonight?

5/29-31/13 Biology EOC NO ENTRY TASK. Please turn off all technology and put in your backpacks at the front of the room. All belongings except for a book to read should be in your backpacks at the front of the room. When I hand you pencils, please show me that you do not have any technology on your person. Each session will take at least 50 minutes. I will not collect any tests until you have tried for at least 50 minutes. Please double check all your work!!

6/3/13 ALL WORK IS DUE BY THIS FRIDAY JUNE 7th!!! Entry Task Write down items you are missing (bottom of sheet), or which have a * or ZERO or “F” after them in the top section. Today’s Work – MISSING WORK or EXTRA CREDIT DAY. ALL WORK IS DUE BY THIS FRIDAY JUNE 7th!!!

Today’s Work Missing work: If missing work, or zeroes, or “F” is noted anywhere on your sheet, work on that today. Once you have completed all missing assignments, you may work on Extra Credit. Extra Credit: Leaves and Acorns – harvest your acorn and fill out the sheet to show what you have learned. OR, write a different topic on a new leaf and fill out the sheet.

6/4/13 Entry Task What do you think are the current world problems in biology? If you were failing as of yesterday, you may work on missing work today

Today’s Work Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook. Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page 121.

6/5/13 Entry Task What happens to the native ecosystem when a building project starts in that area? How might these effects be mitigated? Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook. Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page 121. Read pages 122-128 and answer questions 1-4 on page 128. Extra time? Read pages 129-136

6/6/13 Entry Task What are ways we could conserve biodiversity? If it has already decreased in an area, what are ways we could increase biodiversity? Read pages 116-121 in the Biology Textbook. Discuss and answer questions 1-5 on page 121. Read pages 122-128 and answer questions 1-4 on page 128. Extra time? Read pages 129-136

6/7/13 Entry Task Say Something Nice Turn in your entry task sheets!!! ALL MISSING WORK DUE TODAY BY 11:25!!

Research Current World Problems and Solutions in Biology Choose a topic: Energy Use – green energy vs fossil fuels Biodiversity – Sustainable or Low impact development vs Ecosystem destruction Resources: water, soil, air – conservation vs pollution Individual Health – prevention, healthcare and disease

Current Problems and Solutions in Biology – Create a Word Document or Power Point Presentation which answers the following… RESEARCH: Explain the problem using information from internet sources – use quotes, paraphrase, and cite your sources. EXPLORE: Design a solution – what would you do if you were in charge? Why? How would this solve the problem? LIMITATIONS: Consider trade-offs or unintended consequences regarding your solutions. Could your solutions cause more problems? What? How?

Biology Standards Class Assessment Go to the link below. Please click a number for each standard according to the following scale: Have I met standard? (Scale 1-4) 4 – met or exceeded standard 3 – met standard 2 – some portion of standard not met 1 – standard not met http://goo.gl/6WQhr When finished, hit “submit” button and we can return to the classroom to view data for the whole class! It is completely anonymous, so please be honest in your self assessment!!!