1. Questions How many letters are in the genetic library?
How many letters make a genetic code word?
How many genetic words (codons) are in the genetic dictionary?
How many amino acids are there in total?
What does a terminator sequence do?

2. AIM: How is the genetic code stored in a DNA molecule?
DO NOW: 2- What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
HOMEWORK: Textbook read page Reading check page 305.

3. AIM: how is the nucleus organized?
DO NOW: What is DNA and how is it different from RNA?
Homework: textbook read pages 293, Do the Reading check questions on pages 293 and 297

4. DO NOW ANSWER DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid RNA: Ribonucleic acid
Found in the nucleus
Holds the genetic code
Instructions to control all cell activities
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
Carries the message from DNA out of the nucleus to the necessary cell parts

5. Tuesday 2/7/12
AIM: How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?
DO NOW: how many chromosomes do your cells have?
How many genes?
How many nuclei?
Homework: read pages 293,296,297,299. reading check questions on page 293,296,297

6. DO NOW ANSWERS Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes
Gametes have 23 chromosomes
Our cells contain thousands of genes
Each cell has only one nucleus

7. YouTube - Structure of DNA

8. DNA Structure - YouTube

9. Why do our gametes have only half the number of genes as our body cells?

11. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
It is one of the polymers or biomolecules discussed in the past
Polymer: big molecule made of small repeating units
Monomer: single unit that bonds with other monomers to build a polymer
DNA is a chain of Nucleotides

12. Nucleotide The building blocks of nucleic acids
Thousands of nucleotides combine to build a nucleic acid
There are two types of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
There are slight differences in the structure of the nucleotides that build DNA and RNA

13. Nucleotide
The GENERAL or BASIC structure of ALL nucleotides is the same
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
Nitrogen containing base

15. DNA nucleotide structure
Double helix
5 carbon sugar (pentose) is deoxyribose
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

16. Structure of DNA double helix
Nucleotides combine to form: a double helix made up of:
Sugar-phosphate “backbone”
Nitrogen bases bonded in the middle
The double helix consists of 2 anti-parallel complementary strands
Nitrogen bases are held together by weak Hydrogen bonds

17. Structure of DNA is a double helix

18. Units of heredity that are passed down from generation to generation
What do genes do?
Units of heredity that are passed down from generation to generation

19. Where are genes located?
On the chromosome which is in the nucleus

20. How is DNA related to genes and chromosomes?

22. Wednesday 2/8/12
AIM: How is the structure of DNA related to its function?
DO NOW: Why is the nucleolus important? Where in your bodies is DNA stored?
Homework: textbook Reread page Answer the following questions
1-What are the base pair rules?
2-Which two bases form two hydrogen bonds?
3-Which two bases form three hydrogen bonds?

24. Nucleolus
Compacted DNA inside of the nucleus
Synthesizes RNA

25. Thursday 2/9/12
AIM:How do the nitrogen base pairs hold the code for our physical traits?
DO NOW: 1- Take out last nights homework
2- If you have a DNA template with the sequence TACGGTACTGGC what is the complementary DNA strand?
3- Explain what the sugar phosphate backbone is.
HOMEWORK: Textbook page 299 questions 1,3,4,6

26. Inside of the nucleus DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid
Carries genes on it
Genes are coding regions that build proteins
Proteins lead to physical characteristics
NOT ALL DNA IS MADE UP OF GENES
Both coding (genes) and non-coding parts of DNA are wrapped around special proteins and form a structure called chromatin

27. YouTube - Structure of DNA

28. Why is DNA a double helix?
Two strands of nucleotides that form a spiral when bonded together

29. Structure of DNA is a double helix

30. Use the picture below and tell me how the nitrogen bases are held together

31. Hydrogen bonds hold nitrogen bases together

32. Friday 2/10/12 AIM: how can we build a DNA molecule?
DO NOW: What does it mean when we say the double helix is antiparallel?
Which part of the nucleotide is responsible for the double helix being antiparallel?
HOMEWORK: YOU MUST VISIT THE WEBSITE SPECIFICALLY THE PAGE THAT HAS DNA VIDEOS. View some of the videos

33. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel

34. Monday 2/13/12 AIM: How is RNA similar to DNA?
DO NOW: Draw a deoxyribose sugar and number each carbon properly.
Which number carbon is the phosphate group connected to? The nitrogen base connected to?
Homework: Textbook read pages 304 to the top of 305 stop reading at RNA: A major player. Answer the following questions:
1- What is gene expression?
2- How do your cells express genes?
3- List and describe the first and second stages of gene expression

35. Structure of DNA double helix
Nucleotides combine to form: a double helix made up of:
Sugar-phosphate “backbone”
Nitrogen bases bonded in the middle
The double helix consists of 2 anti-parallel complementary strands
Nitrogen bases are held together by weak Hydrogen bonds

36. What is DNA built from?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Where is the genetic code in a DNA molecule? In the sequence of codons: 3 nitrogen bases in a row

37. BASE PAIR RULES Always Adenine bonds to Thymine with 2 H bonds
Cytosine to Guanine with 3 H bonds

39. Why is the DNA double helix like a two way street?
Because the two strands of the double helix run in opposite directions
5’-3’
3’-5’
This is determined by the arrangement of the deoxyribose carbons

40. Build a DNA Molecule

41. What is the function of DNA?
Function of DNA is to carry the genetic message from cell to cell

42. Genetic code
Gene: specific sequence of DNA that holds the code to build a protein

43. Tuesday 2/14/12 AIM: how are RNA and DNA nucleotides different?
DO NOW: What is the 5 carbon sugar in DNA? In RNA?
Where is DNA located?
What is the function of RNA?
Homework: textbook page 305. List and describe the 3 types of RNA. And do the Reading check question on page 305

44. Gene: unique sequence of base pairs that code for a protein

46. DNA is compacted into the nucleus of
the cell
DNA cannot get out of the nucleus
It carries hereditary information (genes)
RNA can leave the nucleus

47. How can DNA get its information out of the nucleus?
By making an RNA molecule

48. Nucleotide Phosphoric acid=Phosphate group= PO4-
Structure of a nucleotide is how it is built
PO pentose + nitrogen base
Function of a nucleotide is its job
1- To build nucleic acids
2- Makes up and carries the genetic code
a. DNA carries the code from cell to cell
b. RNA carries the code from inside the nucleus to the ribosome

49. Tuesday 2/14/12 AIM: how are RNA and DNA nucleotides different?
DO NOW: What is the 5 carbon sugar in DNA? In RNA?
Where is DNA located?
What is the function of RNA?
Homework: textbook page 305. List and describe the 3 types of RNA. And do the Reading check question on page 305

50. Structure of a Nucleotide in RNA and DNA - YouTube

51. Nitrogen Bases In total there are 5 nitrogen bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Thymine builds ONLY DNA nucleotides
Uracil builds ONLY RNA nucleotides

52. DNA vs RNA nucleotide Pentose
DNA: 5- carbon sugar is deoxyribose
RNA: 5-carbon sugar is ribose
Deoxyribose has one less oxygen than ribose

53. DNA nucleotide structure
Double helix
5 carbon sugar (pentose) is deoxyribose
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

55. RNA Ribose Nucleic Acid
5- carbon sugar is Ribose
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

56. Base pair rules
DNA
A=T
T=A
C=G

57. Tuesday 2/16/12 AIM: Where is the genetic code located?
DO NOW: Compare DNA and RNA. Make a table showing similarities and differences
HOMEWORK: textbook pages questions 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,11,12,15.
YOU MAY SEE SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS ON TOMORROW’S EXAM!

60. Where is RNA synthesized?
nucleolus

61. DNA(gene): TACTGCATAGTA
1- What is the complementary DNA strand?
2- How many codons are in this gene?
3- What is the primary transcript (RNA) made from this gene?

62. END EXAM 2/16/12

63. List 5 physical characteristics you have in common with your parents and or siblings.
How did you get those similar characteristics?

64. Physical characteristics are inherited from our parents
HOW?
Genes: carry the instructions for all physical characteristics from cell to cell
Where are genes located?
HOW does the genetic code get out of the nucleus to build the physical characteristic?

65. AIM: how are genes organized and carried on the DNA double helix?
DO NOW: 1- take out last nights homework.
2- Why do our cells need to get the genetic code out of the nucleus?
3- How do our cells get the genetic code out of the nucleus?
Homework: Textbook Read page307. The genetic code: three-Letter “words:
1-Question 1- What is a codon?
2-Page 310 Questions 1, 2 and 4

66. AIM: How are genes organized and carried on the DNA double helix?
DO NOW: Explain how the structure of DNA is different from the function of DNA.
HOMEWORK: Textbook Read page 306 to the top of page 307. question 5 on page 310

67. Aim: How is RNA synthesized from a DNA template?
DO NOW: complete the table Structure of Nucleic Acids
Homework: Using the DNA gene sequence
TACGTACCAGCTACT
Create the complementary DNA strand and the primary transcript (mRNA)

68. DNA: carries genes on it
Codon: part of a gene sequence
specific sequence of 3 nucleotides that hold the code for an amino acid
The nitrogen bases of a codon act as genetic “words”
When the words are translated,we get an amino acid.
EX: DNA (gene) TAC

69. AIM:How Does transcription create an mRNA molecule?
DO NOW: 1- Take out last night’s homework
Where does transcription take place? Why does RNA go to the ribosome? Where is the ribosome?
Homework: Textbook Read pages Reading check page 309

70. Transcription Makes a mRNA from a DNA template
The purpose is to get the genetic code out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
WHY?
So that a protein can be build which then leads to a physical trait

71. Gene: unique sequence of base pairs that code for a protein

72. How is the eukaryotic Nucleus organized?
Chromosome: key feature to cell division!
DNA double helix wrapped tightly around histone proteins
Chromosomes are not DNA!!!!!!
DNA does help make up a chromosome
Total DNA in a single human is about 6 feet long
In order to fit into a cells nucleus, it is compacted and intertwined with various proteins
But most of the time DNa is in the form of chromatin

73. Chromatin: DNA + protein
But most of the time DNA is in the form of chromatin

74. Beads on a string
Nucleosomes: The DNA of chromatin is wrapped around a complex of histones
Changes in folding between chromatin and the mitotic chromosomes is controlled by the packing of the nucleosome complexes.

75. Chromatin vs chromosomes
Chromtin is loosely packed DNA
Form of DNA throughout most of the cell cycle
Chromosomes are tightly bound chromatin
Only formed during cell division

77. Organization of DNA
Chromatin: loosely bound DNA- protein complex that make up chromosomes
Seen in non-dividing cells
Chromosomes: long complex condensed molecules of DNA wrapped around histones. During mitosis chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids
Chromatid:one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere. They separate to form daughter chromosomes at anaphase

78. Replicated DNA creates chromatids

79. Sister chromatids and centromere

80. Human Chromsomes Human: 23 pairs for a total of 46
Homologous chromosome: similar in size, shape and pattern. (not identical chromosomes)
Automsomes: chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. In humans there are 22 pairs
Sex chromosomes: carry genes for sex determination do not have homologous pairs
Female XX
Male XY

81. Homologous chromosomes

82. Homologous chromosomes