1. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

2. Objectives Chapter 10 At The Bell:
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation.
Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses.
At The Bell:
Tell me one thing that you know about DNA (How it is passed from generation to generation, its structure, etc.)

3. What is the genetic material?
Scientists wanted to determine what the hereditary material is.
Scientists thought it could be either DNA, protein, or RNA.
By completing experiments, scientists finally determined DNA to be the hereditary material.

4. Griffith’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Experiments
Showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another.
Injected different strains of pneumonia into mice.
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation.

5. Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

6. Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Transformation
Video Clip

7. Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Avery’s Experiments
Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells.
Avery destroyed RNA, DNA, and proteins in 3 separate experiments.
Cells with missing RNA and protein transformed the cells, killing the mice.
Cells with missing DNA could not be transformed, and mice lived.

8. Avery’s Experiment

9. Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material.
Used Bacteriophages to determine that DNA enters the bacterial cells and not the protein.

10. The Hershey-Chase Experiment
Chapter 10
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
The Hershey-Chase Experiment

11. Hershey and Chase’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Hershey and Chase’s Experiments
Video Clip

12. Objectives Chapter 10 At the Bell:
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Objectives
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure.
Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.
Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA.
Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.
At the Bell:
Who discovered that DNA and not protein is the hereditary material by using bacteriophages? Explain the experiment.

13. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

14. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Structure
DNA is made of two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

15. Technical Description of DNA

16. Nucleotides are made of: 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Components
Nucleotides are made of:
5-carbon deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

17. Structure of a Nucleotide
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Structure of a Nucleotide

18. DNA Nucleotides Bonds Hold DNA Together
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides
Bonds Hold DNA Together
Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds.
Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

19. Complementary Bases There are Four different nitrogenous bases:
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Complementary Bases
There are Four different nitrogenous bases:
Adenine Cytosine
Thymine Guanine
Adenine and Thymine always pair up.
Cytosine and Guanine always pair up.
Hydrogen bonding holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

20. Purines and Pyrimidines

22. Complementary Base Pairing
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Complementary Base Pairing

23. DNA practice problems
Given the following DNA sequence, determine the corresponding DNA strand…
1) A T C C G A ) G C T A G A
2) T C C A G T ) T A G C C T
3) A C G A T C ) A G T A G C

24. Cool DNA Info.
DNA Trivia

25. Practice Problems in Text Book
Page 195, problems 1 and 2
Page 199, Problems 2, 3, 5, and 9

26. At the bell: April 7 What model reflects DNA replication? Objectives:
DNA activity sheet

27. Talk for two minutes to your friends about your vacation.
At The Bell: April 6
What are the four different types of nitrogenous bases? Which ones pair together?
Talk for two minutes to your friends about your vacation.

28. Objectives Chapter 10 Summarize the process of DNA replication.
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Objectives
Summarize the process of DNA replication.
Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication.
Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.
Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

29. Replication
DNA has to copy itself… Remember how long DNA is in one cell?

30. How DNA Replication Occurs
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides.
When does this happen?

31. How DNA Replication Occurs
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
Steps of DNA Replication
1. Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases.
2. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

32. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication

33. DNA Replication Replication Video Cool 3-D Video Chapter 10
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication
Replication Video
Cool 3-D Video

34. How DNA Replication Occurs
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
semi-conservative replication
Each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand.

36. Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

37. DNA Errors in Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication
Changes in DNA are called mutations.
DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

38. DNA Errors in Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication
DNA Replication and Cancer
Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

40. Small Quiz on Friday!!

41. At the Bell: Wednesday, April 7
What enzyme is used to add nucleotides onto the old strand of DNA?

42. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Objectives
Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein.
Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Describe the importance of the genetic code.
Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in translation.
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.

43. Flow of Genetic Information
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Flow of Genetic Information
The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as…
DNA RNA protein

44. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
uracil in place of thymine.
RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

45. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Comparing DNA and RNA

46. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
Types of RNA
Three major types:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

47. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol.
rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.
tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

48. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Types of RNA

49. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription
During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

50. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription

51. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

52. Translation Steps of Translation Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation
Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA.
As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

53. Translation: Assembling Proteins
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins

54. Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued

55. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
The Human Genome
The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known.
To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis.

56. Multiple Choice 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U

67. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U

68. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows.
8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows.
8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4

72. Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper.

73. Short Response, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper.
Answer:
DNA is often described as a zipper because the two strands of DNA look like each lengthwise half of a zipper and the bases and hydrogen bonds between the strands look like the “teeth” of a zipper.

74. Extended Response DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its
replication. The mistakes are called mutations.
Part A Explain eukaryotic DNA replication.
Part B Explain how a mutation during replication can
affect a protein that is synthesized.

75. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A During DNA replication, each strand serves as a template. DNA replication begins when helicase enzymes separate the DNA strands. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands. The DNA polymerases are then released. Two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule result.
Part B When mistakes in DNA replication occur, the base sequence of the newly formed DNA differs from that of the original DNA, changing the original code on the DNA. When the mutated DNA is transcribed, the sequence of bases on the mRNA is incorrect. Translating the incorrect mRNA can result in an incorrect amino acid which can affect the protein’s structure and ultimately its function.

76. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides

77. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function

78. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code