 George Washington; Federalist (1788)  John Adams; Federalist (1796)  Thomas Jefferson (1800)  James Madison (1808)  James Monroe (1816)  John Quincy Adams (1824)  Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)  Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)  William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)  John Tyler; Whig (1841)  James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)  Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)  Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)  Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)  James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)  Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)  Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)  Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)  Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)  James Garfield; Republican (1880) #21 - …  Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)  Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)  Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)  William McKinley; Republican (1896)  Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)  William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)  Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)  Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)  Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)  Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)  Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)

America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: Mobilization Section 2: Retaking Europe Section 3: The Holocaust Section 4: The War in the Pacific Chapter 25: World War II: Americans at War (1941–1945) Section 5: The Social Impact of the War

 CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes & consequences of World War II and the impact the war had on American society.  Objective 6.4: How did the Roosevelt mobilize troops and prepare the economy for war?  Objective 6.5: Describe the causes and effects of the Holocaust.  Objective 6.6: How did the allies turn the tide of war in retaking Europe and the Pacific?  Objective 6.7: How did the war change social conditions for women and minorities?

When the economy…

 Jews in Europe faced persecution for their religious beliefs for centuries.  In the 1800s, some thinkers developed the theory that European peoples, whom they called “Aryans” were superior to Middle Eastern peoples, called Semites.  Europeans began to use the term Anti-Semitism to describe discrimination or hostility, often violent, directed at Jews.

 Anti-Semetic beliefs 

 When Hitler became Germany’s leader in 1933, he made anti-Semitism the official policy of the nation.  No other persecution of Jews in modern history equals the extent and brutality of the Holocaust, Nazi Germany’s systematic murder of European Jews.  In all, some 6 million Jews would lose their lives.

 Repressive policies against Jews slowly escalated during the 1930s.  In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship.  Some other policies included:  exclusion from public schools  forced sale of Jewish businesses  marked identity cards  Jews were also forced to sew yellow stars marked “Jew” on their clothing.

 Hopes that they could survive persecution under Hitler were dashed on the night of November 9,  Nazi thugs throughout Germany and Austria looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues.  This incident became known as Kristallnacht, or “Night of the Broken Glass.”  Nearly every synagogue was destroyed  thousands of Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps.  After Kristallnacht many Jews sought any possible means to leave the country.  Jewish refugees were not welcomed in many nations, in part because of the Depression.  To deal with this problem, FDR called the Evian Conference in  But still, most nations, including the United States, refused to open their doors to more immigrants.

 When Hitler came to power he formed the SS, or the Schutzstaffel, an elite guard that became the private army of the Nazi Party.  The SS guarded the concentration camps, or places where political prisoners are confined under harsh conditions.  Nazi camps held people whom they considered undesirables — mainly Jews, but also Communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, and the homeless.

 As German armies invaded other European countries (like Poland), more and more Jews (even those who had escaped) came under German control.  Nazis dealt with these Jews by confining them in ghettos, areas in which minority groups are concentrated.  Nazis confined more than 400,000 Jews in the Warsaw ghetto in Poland.  Thousands of Jews died in the ghetto as a result of disease.  In 1942, Nazi officials met at the Wannsee Conference outside Berlin.  They developed their plan to commit genocide, or the deliberate destruction of an entire ethnic or cultural group, against the Jewish people.  To carry out their plan, the Nazis outfitted six camps in Poland with gas chambers.  Unlike concentration camps, these death camps existed primarily for mass murder.

 The “Final Solution” 

 The U.S. government knew about the mass murder of Jews for two years before President Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board (WRB) in January  Despite its late start, the WRB’s programs helped save some lives.  Horrified by the German death camps, the Allies conducted the Nuremburg Trials in November  They charged a number of Nazi leaders with crimes against humanity, and war crimes.  Nazi officers were found to be held accountable for actions

Why was Kristallnacht a critical event for Jews living under Nazi control? (A)It proved that they could resist the Nazis. (B)It proved that Hitler would lose power quickly. (C)It proved that they would have to leave Germany to escape persecution. (D)It proved that the United States and other countries in Europe would not protect them from the Nazis. How did the United States government initially respond to the news of the Holocaust? (A)They showed little interest in dealing with the problem. (B)They opened the doors for immigration. (C)They entered World War II to end Jewish persecution. (D)They helped fund Jewish resistance groups.

Why was Kristallnacht a critical event for Jews living under Nazi control? (A)It proved that they could resist the Nazis. (B)It proved that Hitler would lose power quickly. (C)It proved that they would have to leave Germany to escape persecution. (D)It proved that the United States and other countries in Europe would not protect them from the Nazis. How did the United States government initially respond to the news of the Holocaust? (A)They showed little interest in dealing with the problem. (B)They opened the doors for immigration. (C)They entered World War II to end Jewish persecution. (D)They helped fund Jewish resistance groups.