© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Politics in States and Communities (15 Ed.) Thomas Dye and Susan MacManus

Chapter 1 Politics in States and Communities

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Explain how the problems that governments address are inherently political in nature. Compare the public policies of various states and communities in areas such as population growth, income, and education. Describe both the current racial and ethnic composition of the United States and how it has changed over time. Identify those who immigrate to the United States, current and proposed immigration policies, and the politics underlying legal and illegal immigration. Compare the ideological profiles of liberal and conservative states. Explain how differences in states’ political cultures affect their ideological profiles. Describe how the religious profiles of states affect the politics and attitudes about wedge issues such as abortion. Assess how political leaders influence politics in states and communities through policy entrepreneurship. Describe the major policy responsibilities held by states and communities, including education, health and welfare, transportation, public safety, civil rights, the physical environment of our communities, and taxes. Trace the admission of states into the union, and explain the political status of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. territories.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview Politics is the management of conflict. State and local governments focus on issues such as: –disagreement and conflict –taxes and spending –infrastructure –education –crime –poverty

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Comparative Study of States and Communities Describes politics and public policy, and explains the differences from state to state and community to community Analyzes socioeconomic and political environments to arrive at explanations States and communities provide excellent “laboratories” for applying comparative analysis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Distinguishing Ourselves as Americans –Education –Income –Race –Religion –Age –Historic and Cultural Settings

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. State Histories

States of the Union

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Economic Growth? Population growth Rising per capita personal income Increased educational levels States are growing unevenly in terms of population, income, and education.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population Size and Projected Growth Rate, 2010–2030

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Income and Education

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity African Americans comprise 41 million (13%) of the U.S. population. Hispanics are the largest minority group, accounting for more than 1 in 6 of the U.S. population. Asians and Pacific Islanders comprise 16 million (5%) of the U.S. population—the fastest growing minority. Native Americans comprise 4 million (1%) of the U.S. population, with over 562 Indian Tribes and Alaskan Native groups.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hispanic and African American Populations

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Projected U.S. Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of U.S. Population

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Politics of Immigration National immigration policy is a responsibility of the national government. One million of the population per year are admitted as legal residents, and another 36 million on temporary or legal visas. Illegal immigration: Unlawful entry of people from other nations into the United States (60% from Mexico). Immigration and federalism: Immigration Control Act of 1986 (Simpson– Mazzoli Act) placed responsibility on employers. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)—border enforcement DREAM Act: Halting deportation of undocumented aliens who matched the Act’s requirements

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Proportion of Undocumented Immigrants by State

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Liberalism and Conservatism in the States Liberalism: A state’s tendency to expand welfare benefits, regulate business, adopt progressive state income taxes, and generally use government to achieve social change Conservatism: A state’s tendency to limit the welfare benefits, deregulate business, keep taxes low, and generally place less reliance on government and more reliance on individuals and the marketplace to achieve social goals

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. State Political Cultures State Political Cultures Political Culture: Historical styles and traditions in states’ politics that cannot be directly attributed to socioeconomic factors and the differences across states that take into account the values and ways of life of early settler and immigrant groups. Recent research identifies 11 regional subcultures. Each state has a unique political culture.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Regional Subcultures of the United States

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion in the States Wedges—Moral issues designed to cause someone to cross party lines A person’s religiosity is defined by the: Importance of religion in his or her life Frequency of attendance at worship services Frequency of prayer Belief in God

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion and Ideology (Liberalism)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. State Political Leadership Individual political leadership in a state also helps shape its politics and public policy. Political entrepreneurship—electoral politics provides incentives for candidates to propose policy innovations in order to publicize themselves and win votes.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Policy Areas for State and Local Governments Education Health and Welfare Transportation Public Safety Civil Rights Physical Environment Taxation

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Money Spent by State and Local Governments

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. States, Districts, and Territories District of Columbia (DC)—Twenty-third Amendment granted full participation in presidential elections Commonwealth of Puerto Rico—no voting members of Congress and no electoral votes in presidential elections United States has 12 territories—except for American Samoa residents are full U.S. citizens

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. On the Web U.S. Census Bureauwww.census.gov Site of Governing magazinewww.governing.com Link to millions of web pages on governments, Spanish link as wellwww.usa.gov Wide range of issues coveredwww.pewstates.org