Medical Terminology Basic Word Structure

Basic Word Structure Objectives: To divide medical terms into component parts To analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using common combining forms, suffixes and prefixes.

Test Questions Anything found in your book AND on the slide show are FAIR GAME for test questions.

Word Analysis Medical words are used everyday in a medical setting If you work in a medical setting If you are a patient in a hospital If you are in a doctor’s office Speaking with family members about conditions they might have

Understanding You can understand a word even if you have never heard it before! Complicated words can be broken down into parts and the meaning deduced from the parts. To deduce means: to arrive at a conclusion or fact by reasoning; to draw a logical conclusion

The 3 “Rs” The best way to learn this material: wRite Repeat Review Write out the words/meanings Color-Code if possible Repeat Do it again Review Flashcards, writing, saying, etc. Colors used here: Prefix (blue) Root (Purple) Combining Vowel (green) Suffix (red) Important words (brown)

When studying flashcards Start with a few (3-6). Pick 1-2 that are hard, 1-2 that are easy Repeat them till memorized. Add a few more (2-3) unknown ones. Mix with original pile, repeat till memorized. Repeat adding a few at a time till they are all memorized. **We will be doing flashcards daily!**

Example 1 – How to break down a word Hematology Root Combining Vowel Suffix Not shown: Prefix (Would go before root in example1)

How to analyze a word Begin at the END of the word Suffix Next look at the BEGINNING of the word Word root (or sometimes prefix) Next look at the combining vowel This will help you to break the word up into its parts – “O” is the most common combining vowel.

Hematology Example 1(cont.) What does it mean? Root (blood) Combining Vowel Suffix (study of) Answer: The Study of Blood

Example 2 Electrocardiogram What does it mean? Root (electricity) Root (heart) Combining Vowels Suffix (record) Answer: Record of the Electricity in the Heart

Combining Form Combining vowel and root word together Examples: Electr/o: Electricity Cardi/o: Heart Gastr/o: Stomach Enter/o: Intestines

Gastroenterology Example 3 What does it mean? Root (stomach) Root (intestines) Combining Vowels Suffix (Study of) Answer: The Study of the Stomach and the Intestines

Common Suffixes -scope -ic -ac -itis Instrument used to visually examine -ic Pertaining to -ac -itis Inflammation

Prefixes Found at the beginning of a word and can change a meaning. Examples: Sub- below Trans- across Retro- Behind

Important Rules Read a medical word starting at the suffix, then going to the prefix (if present), and then root word(s)from left to right. If a suffix begins with a vowel, drop the combining vowel. If two root words are combined, keep the combining vowel even if the second root word begins with a vowel.

Gastroscope Example 4 What does it mean? Root (stomach) Combining Vowel Suffix (instrument used to visually examine) Answer: Instrument used to visually examine the stomach

Gastric Example 5 What does it mean? Root (stomach) Suffix (pertaining to) Answer: Pertaining to the stomach * Combining Vowel is dropped because “-ic” begins with a vowel

Cardiac Example 6 What does it mean? Root (heart) Suffix (pertaining to) Answer: Pertaining to the heart * Combining Vowel is dropped because “-ac” begins with a vowel

Enteritis Example 7 What does it mean? Root (intestines) Suffix (inflammation) Answer: inflammation of the intestines * Combining Vowel is dropped because “-itis” begins with a vowel

Gastroenteritis Example 8 What does it mean? Root (stomach) Root (intestines) Suffix (inflammation) Combining Vowel Answer: The Study of the Stomach and the Intestines * Combining Vowel is dropped because “-itis” begins with a vowel

Assignment: In Notebooks: Put today’s date Title: Combining forms: Workbook pages 5-14 Write the medical term and meaning for each item found. Number each item (there are 39 of them)

Answers Be prepared to share your answers to workbook pages 5-14. Learning to pronounce the words is part of this class!

What happens in a stroke? Blood flow is slowed or stopped to an area of the brain. The following may occur: Aphasia (loss of speech) Paralysis (loss of movement) Weakness Changes in the 5 senses.

Two types of Stroke:

What is the prostate gland? Gland in males only Sits below the bladder (where urine is stored) Secretes fluid that combines with sperm to form semen (fluid that leaves the urethra during ejaculation)

Blood Cells - Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen

Blood Cells - Leukocytes Help to fight disease Also known as White Blood Cells Five different types: Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte

Blood Cells - Thrombocytes Platelets Help the blood to clot

All the Blood Parts: (sizes)

Plural words (Part 1) If a word ends in “a”, keep the “a” and add an “e”. Vertebra (backbone) Plural: vertebrae Bursa (sack of fluid near a joint) Plural: bursae If a word ends in “is”, drop the “is” and add “es” Diagnosis (nature and cause of disease) Plural: diagnoses Psychosis (abnormal condition of the mind) Plural: psychoses

Plural words (Part 2) If a word ends in “ex” or “ix”, drop the “ex” or “ix” and add an “ices”. Cortex (Outer parts of organs) Plural: cortices Varix (enlarged, swollen vein) Plural: varices If a word ends in “on”, drop the “on” and add “a” ganglion (groups of nerve cells or benign cysts near a joint) Plural: ganglia

Plural words (Part 3) If a word ends in “um”, drop the “um” and add an “a”. Bacterium (Type of one-celled organism) Plural: bacteria Ovum (egg cell) Plural: Ova If a word ends in “us”, drop the “us” and add “i” Bronchus (tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs) Plural: bronchi Calculus (stones) Plural: Calculi

Plural words (Part 4) Exceptions to the rules: Virus (small infectious agent that can replicate inside other living cells) Plural: Viruses Sinus (cavity within the bone or other tissue) Plural: Sinuses

Assignment: Worksheet: Flashcards: “Plurals and Basics” Complete and turn in Flashcards: Study

What is a hematoma? Blood trapped in the skin or under an organ Left: Subungual hematoma Bottom left: Hickie

Medical Examiner Versus a Coroner

Medical Examiner versus a Coroner Autopsy: Process of viewing self (viewing the cause of a patient’s death) Biopsy: Process of viewing life (viewing of live tissue under a microscope) Pathologist: Medical doctor who does autopsies and views biopsies Medical Examiner (M.E.): is a pathologist who specializes in forensic medicine related to crimes. Coroner: Elected official who investigates any suspicious death (may or may not be a Medical Examiner)

Medical terms using “-logy” - 1 Cardiology Study of the heart Dermatology Study of the skin Endocrinology Study of the endocrine glands Gastroenterology Study of the stomach and intestines Gynecology Study of women and women’s diseases Rheumatology Study of joint diseases

Medical terms using “-logy” - 2 Hematology Study of the blood Neurology Study of the nerves, brain and spinal cord Oncology Study of tumors (cancerous or malignant) Opthalmology Study of the eye Pathology Study of disease Psychology Study of the mind and mental disorders

Assignment: In Notebooks: Put today’s date Title: Suffixes and Prefixes: Workbook pages 15-20 Write the medical term and meaning for each item found. Number each item (there are 40 of them)

Answers Be prepared to share your answers to workbook pages 15-20. Learning to pronounce the words is part of this class!

Graves Disease Hyperthryoidism: condition of excessive thyroid (hormone)

Laparoscopy Lapar/o: abdomen -scopy: process of visual examination

Arthroscopy Arthr/o: joint -scopy: visual examination

Hyperglycemia Condition of having excessive glucose (sugar) Type 1 diabetes: Lack of insulin Type 2 diabetes: Insulin doesn’t work Both results in excess sugar remaining in the blood instead of being transported into the cells so that energy can be made.

What is it like to live with diabetes? Lets read Pages 21-22 together.

Exercises: Part A – Page 23 Part B – Page 24 Part C – Page 24 Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Part A – Page 23 Write the word, using a slash to divide into component parts Write the meaning for the whole term. Part B – Page 24 Write out the sentence, underline the term used. Part C – Page 24 Write the word Write the tissue/body part it describes Write the meaning of the word.

Exercises: Part D – Page 25 Part E – Page 25 Part F – Page 26 Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Part D – Page 25 Write the word Write the meaning Part E – Page 25 Write the suffix Part F – Page 26 Write out the complete sentence Underline the medical term you complete

Exercises: Part G – Page 26 Part H – Page 27 Part I – Page 27 Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Part G – Page 26 Write the prefix Write the meaning Part H – Page 27 Write the medical term Part I – Page 27 Write out the complete medical term (underline it)

Exercises: Part J – Page 28-30 Part K – Page 30 Part L – Page 30-31 Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Part J – Page 28-30 Write the bold medical term Write the meaning Part K – Page 30 Write the medical term Write the plural of the medical term Part L – Page 30-31 Write the words you would circle in the vignette

Pronunciation Work with a partner Practice saying the words you find on Pages 33-36 Quiz each other on their meanings *** Bonus: Write out the words as you say them as well as their meanings ***

Practical Applications Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Practical Applications Sometimes we don’t have to know all of the information in order to figure out what a word means. Practice this skill by writing out the procedure and the condition that it would treat from the list given. Use the process of elimination when necessary.

POA versus Admitting diagnosis POA: Present on Admission Conditions that are noted and treated if necessary but may not cause a patient to be admitted into the hospital Admitting diagnosis Condition that can become life-threatening without proper treatment. This is a reason for hospital admittance.

Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Picture Show Page 39-41 Write out the question and the answer for parts A, B, C, D.

Review Page 43-44 Write out the combining forms and their meanings Do all work in your notebooks – Put today’s date, and what you are working on at the top of the page. Review Page 43-44 Write out the combining forms and their meanings Write out the suffixes and their meanings Write out the prefixes and their meanings

Terminology Checkup Take a look at the list of items on page 46 If you are not comfortable with telling the difference between the items listed, go back and study!