Energy Policy Act2005 H.R Team: J.P. Osornio, Sara Roy, Alex Amerman, Mike Carim, Carolina Jaramillo, Ross MacWhinney, Adam Raphaely, Catrina Rorke, Elizabeth Sands, Alla Sobel, Geeta Uhl Final Briefing Elizabeth Sands, Sara Roy, J.P. Osornio, Alla Sobel Final Briefing Elizabeth Sands, Sara Roy, J.P. Osornio, Alla Sobel

Legislation H.R. 1640: “… To provide secure, affordable, and reliable energy”

OVERVIEW Problems Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Mercury (Hg) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Solutions Coal Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies Problems Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Mercury (Hg) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Solutions Coal Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies PROBLEMS Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies H.R. 1640

SMOG ACID RAIN GLOBAL WARMING POISONING Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Energy Consumption US energy consumption increasing at 2% per year Electricity demand in NYC has increased 20% in the previous 10 years US energy consumption increasing at 2% per year Electricity demand in NYC has increased 20% in the previous 10 years Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

SOLUTIONS H.R Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Source: Sulfur and Mercury Filters Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Solution: Coal Gasification Pollutant Traditional IGCC SO 2 (lb/10 6 Btu) 31.25<.15 Hg (lb/10 9 Btu) Source: An Environmental Assessment of IGCC Power Systems Reduction 99% 93% Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Solution: Ethanol Both source and sink for CO 2 Fuel made from starches, sugars and cellulosic material Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Solution: Ethanol Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies Source: Novozymes & BBI International

Ethanol Production: Process Organic Plant and Waste Matter (Cellulose) Organic Plant and Waste Matter (Cellulose) Glucose Ethanol Distillation Fermentation Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Problem: Energy Consumption Americans constitute 5% of the world's population but consume 24% of the world's energy

Solution: Reduction of Energy Consumption Energy Star Program Product Labeling Consumer Education Product Must: –Provide economic gains for consumers –Demonstrate energy savings of at least 10-50% compared to standard appliance –Cut Air Pollution Energy Star Program Product Labeling Consumer Education Product Must: –Provide economic gains for consumers –Demonstrate energy savings of at least 10-50% compared to standard appliance –Cut Air Pollution Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Effectiveness of Energy Star Program Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

LEGISLATION Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies H.R. 1640

Clean Coal: Promote coal-based gasification technologies Establish loan program Invest in pollution control equipment Ethanol: Establish a renewable fuel program Provide credits for: Refining, Blending, and Importing Credits may be used or transferred Energy Efficiency: Promote Energy Star Label Clean Coal: Promote coal-based gasification technologies Establish loan program Invest in pollution control equipment Ethanol: Establish a renewable fuel program Provide credits for: Refining, Blending, and Importing Credits may be used or transferred Energy Efficiency: Promote Energy Star Label Legislation Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

CONTROVERSIES Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies H.R. 1640

Coal Pros Cheap Abundant –US has 27% of world’s total coal reserves –Estimated to last 250 years Coal Gasification Cheap Abundant –US has 27% of world’s total coal reserves –Estimated to last 250 years Coal Gasification Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Coal Pros Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Coal Cons Mining 1,379 coal mines in US Two categories: –Surface and Mountaintop –Underground Waterway acidification –Biodiversity loss Terrestrial areas degraded Mining 1,379 coal mines in US Two categories: –Surface and Mountaintop –Underground Waterway acidification –Biodiversity loss Terrestrial areas degraded Stream affected by mine drainage in southwestern Pennsylvania. U.S. Geological survey Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Coal Cons Funding Priorities Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies COAL $1.08 billion $500 million RENEWABLES $10 million

Ethanol Pros and Cons NO x emissions disagreements DOE concluded EPA concluded NO x emissions disagreements DOE concluded EPA concluded Energy return balance: energy in vs energy out Energy return balance: energy in vs energy out DOEPimentel and Patzek Corn 33-66%29% Cellulosic 162%45% Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Conclusions There are many environmental problems associated with current energy sources Despite controversies, technology exists to lessen these negative impacts The Energy Policy Act of 2005 encourages development of these new technologies Problems SO 2 Hg NO x CO 2 Solutions Gasification Ethanol Energy Star Legislation Controversies

Thank you Special thanks to: The Energy Group : Mike Carim, Carolina Jaramillo, Ross MacWhinney, Adam Raphaely, Catrina Rorke, Geeta Uhl, Alex Amerman, JP Osornio, Alla Sobel, Sara Roy Andrea Schmitz Special thanks to: The Energy Group : Mike Carim, Carolina Jaramillo, Ross MacWhinney, Adam Raphaely, Catrina Rorke, Geeta Uhl, Alex Amerman, JP Osornio, Alla Sobel, Sara Roy Andrea Schmitz

QUESTIONS?