© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood 11

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, the Brain, and Motor Development? What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Skeletal and Muscular Systems During the elementary school years, children –Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11 –Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year –Double strength capabilities –Proportional changes What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, the Brain, and Motor Development?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 The Brain Brain changes linked to cognitive development –Increased myelination improves processing speed and communication –Brain structural changes continue beyond childhood Improves attention, reasoning Cortical thickening may improve language Improved cognitive control in various areas What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, the Brain, and Motor Development?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Motor Development Children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated –Motor skills: pleasure and accomplishment –Increased myelinization of central nervous system Fine motor skills improve; girls usually outperform boys What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, the Brain, and Motor Development?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Nutrition Average body weight doubles –Exert more energy, need more food –Balanced diet promotes growth –Family eating patterns important –Importance of healthy breakfast What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Exercise and Sports 1997 –Only 22% in grades 4 through 12 physically active for 30 minutes a day –Children inactive due to TV, computers, etc. –TV watching linked to obesity –US schools: not enough gym classes –Family: important influence on exercise What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Exercise and Sports Parents as poor role models Boys more active at all age Roles of school and family What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide Percent of children involved in daily physical education programs Fig Percentage of U.S. Children in Daily Physical Education Programs from 1969 to 1999

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Sports Participation can have positive and negative consequences Unrealistic expectations and special concerns for children Increase in newer X-treme sports is a concern What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Sports Pros –Exercise –Opportunities to learn how to compete –Self-esteem –Setting for developing peer relations and friendships Cons –Pressure to achieve, high stress created –Physical injuries –Distraction from academic work –Exploitation –Wrong values taught; win-at-all-costs What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Sports Dos –Make sports fun –Mistakes are okay –Allow questions –Respect efforts –Be positive –Be good role model What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health? Don’ts –Yell or scream –Condemn efforts –Expect a ‘pro’ –Ridicule child –Compare siblings –Make sports work

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Overweight Children Increasing health problem –Defined by body mass index (BMI) –Risk doubled to 30% from 1970s to today Overweight children 3x higher –Girls more at risk than boys What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Factors Linked with Overweight Childhood Heredity Blood chemistry: leptin and insulin –Consuming simple sugars creates cravings Environmental contexts –Activities and energy-saving devices –Availability of food What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Consequences of Being Overweight in Childhood Medical and psychological problems –Pulmonary problems –Hip problems –Diabetes and high blood pressure –Elevated blood cholesterol levels –Low self-esteem and depression –Some social exclusion by peers What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Treatment of Overweight Children Recommended combination of –Diets of moderate calories; food diary –Exercise –Behavior modification Active lifestyle and models needed –Intervention programs –Active parental involvement What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Diseases Cancer: 2nd leading cause of death Diabetes: chronic, Type I and Type II Cardiovascular disease –Environmental experiences and influences –Ethnic differences exist Asthma: chronic, cause unknown What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Fig Leukemia Brain Lymphomas Neuroblastoma Bone Kidney Muscle Other 12% 39% 15% 10% 7% 6% 5% Types of Cancer in Children

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Accidents and Injuries Motor vehicle accidents –Most common cause of severe injury and death (pedestrian and passenger) Hazards of risk taking –Most accidents occur near home or school Improper use of equipment What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Who Are Children with Disabilities? About 10% of U.S. children receive special education or related services –Learning disability (includes ADHD) –Speech and sensory disorders –Physical disorders –Emotional and behavioral disorders What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Diversity of Children Who Have a Disability Learning disabilities 2,817,148 or 50.8% Speech and language impairments 1,074,548 or 19.4% Mental retardation 611,076 or 11% Emotional disturbance 463,262 or 8.4% Multiple disabilities 107,763 or 1.9% Hearing impairments 70,883 or 1.3% Orthopedic impairments 69,495 or 1.3% Other health impairments 220,831 or 4% Visual impairments 26,132 or 0.5% Autism 53,576 or 1% Developmental delay 0.2% Traumatic brain injury 0.2% Deaf-blindness > 0.1%

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Learning Disabilities Learning disability includes: –A minimum IQ level –A significant difficulty in a school-related area –Exclusion of other conditions Boys classified 3 times more than girls Diagnosis difficult What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children Dyslexia – severe impairment in ability to read and spell Dyscalculia – difficulty in math computation What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Learning Disabilities Causes and intervention strategies –Causes not yet determined –Genetics: tends to run in families Interventions –Instructional, remedial programs –Earliest diagnosis best MRI and brain scans What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: –Inattention –Hyperactivity –Impulsivity What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Many possible causes; heredity may play role Undergoes extensive evaluations – Usually treated with stimulant drugs – Controversial

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Speech Disorders Articulation disorders: problems pronouncing sounds correctly Voice disorders: hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high- or low-pitched speech Fluency disorders: commonly called “stuttering” What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Sensory Disorders Visual impairments –Low vision: visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 –Educationally blind: unable to use one’s vision in learning What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Sensory Disorders Hearing Impairments –Oral approaches: lip reading, speech reading, and any hearing the child has –Manual approaches: sign language and finger spelling What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Physical Disorders Orthopedic impairments: restrictions in movement abilities due to muscle, bone, or joint problems. Cerebral palsy: lack of muscular coordination, shaking, or unclear speech (common type: spastic; less common: ataxia) What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Emotional and Behavior Disorders Serious, persistent problems involving –Relationships –Aggression –Depression –Fears related to personal or school matters –Other inappropriate socioemotional issues What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Autism Spectrum Disorders Problems with –Personal interactions –Verbal and nonverbal communication –Repetitive behaviors –May show atypical sensory responses What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Autism What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children? Types –Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) –Autistic disorder –Asperger’s syndrome

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Educational Issues Public Law (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) –Requires that all children with disabilities be given free, appropriate public education –Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990 –2004: aligned with No Child Left Behind What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Educational Issues IDEA amendments in 1997 –Use of instructional technology –Use of assistive technology –Individualized Education Plan (IEP) –Least restrictive environment (LRE) –Mainstreaming renamed inclusion What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 Technology Instructional technology: hardware and software to accommodate students’ learning needs Assistive technology: various services and devices to help children with disabilities function What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Written statement that spells out program tailored to child with disability –Related to child’s learning capacity –Designed to meet child’s individual needs –Designed to provide educational benefits What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38 Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Child with disability must be educated in setting as similar as possible to one in which children without a disability are educated –Inclusion: educating special-needs child full-time in the regular classroom What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39 The End 11