1. Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
Children 12
Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
John W. Santrock

2. Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development?
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?

3. Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development?
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
During the elementary school years, children
Grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11
Gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year
Double strength capabilities
Proportional changes

4. Tooth Development and Dental Care
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development?
Tooth Development and Dental Care
Primary teeth loss starts about age 6
Permanent teeth appear at rate of about four per year for next 5 years
Dental hygiene
Orthodontic care needed

5. What Changes Take Place in Body Growth and Motor Development?
Children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated
Motor skills: pleasure and accomplishment
Increased myelinization of central nervous system; fine motor skills improve

6. Nutrition Average body weight doubles
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Nutrition
Average body weight doubles
Exert more energy, need more food
Balanced diet promotes growth
Family eating patterns important
Importance of healthy breakfast

7. Exercise 1997 Parents as poor role models Boys more active at all ages
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Exercise
1997
Only 22% in grades 4 through 12 physically active for 30 minutes a day
Parents as poor role models
Boys more active at all ages
Roles of school and family

8. Percent of children involved in daily physical education programs
Percentage of U.S. Children in Daily Physical Education Programs from 1969 to 1999
1979
1989
1999
1969
Percent of children involved in daily physical education programs 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10
Fig. 12.3

9. Sports Participation can have positive and negative consequences
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Sports
Participation can have positive and negative consequences
Unrealistic expectations and special concerns for children

10. Sports Pros Cons Exercise Opportunities to learn how to compete
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Sports
Pros
Exercise
Opportunities to learn how to compete
Self-esteem
Setting for developing peer relations and friendships
Cons
Pressure to achieve, high stress created
Physical injuries
Distraction from academic work
Exploitation
Wrong values taught; win-at-all-costs

11. Obesity Increasing health problem
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Obesity
Increasing health problem
25% of obese children become obese adults
About 75% of obese young adolescents become obese adults
Girls more at risk than boys

12. Factors Linked with Obesity
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Factors Linked with Obesity
Heredity
Blood chemistry: leptin and insulin
Consuming simple sugars creates cravings
Environmental contexts
Activities
Availability of food

13. Consequences of Obesity in Children
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Consequences of Obesity in Children
Medical and psychological problems
Pulmonary problems
Hip problems
Diabetes and high blood pressure
Elevated blood cholesterol levels
Low self-esteem and depression
Some social exclusion by peers

14. Treatment of Obesity Recommended combination of
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Treatment of Obesity
Recommended combination of
Diets of moderate calories; food diary
Exercise
Behavior modification
Active lifestyle and models needed

15. Diseases Cancer: 2nd leading cause of death
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Diseases
Cancer: 2nd leading cause of death
Diabetes: chronic, Type I and Type II
Cardiovascular disease
Environmental experiences and influences
Asthma: chronic, cause unknown

16. Types of Cancer in Children
Leukemia
Brain
Lymphomas
Neuroblastoma
Bone
Kidney
Muscle
Other
12%
39%
15%
10% 7% 6% 5%
Fig. 12.5

17. Accidents and Injuries
What Are the Central Issues in Children’s Health?
Accidents and Injuries
Motor vehicle accidents
Most common cause of severe injury and death (pedestrian and passenger)
Hazards of risk taking
Most accidents occur near home or school
Improper use of equipment

18. Who Are Children with Disabilities?
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Who Are Children with Disabilities?
About 10% of U.S. children receive special education or related services
Learning disability (includes ADHD)
Speech and sensory disorders
Physical disorders
Emotional and behavioral disorders

19. Diversity of Children Who Have a Disability
Learning disabilities 2,817,148 or 50.8%
Speech and language impairments 1,074,548 or 19.4%
Mental retardation 611,076 or 11%
Emotional disturbance 463,262 or 8.4%
Multiple disabilities 107,763 or 1.9%
Hearing impairments 70,883 or 1.3%
Orthopedic impairments 69,495 or 1.3%
Other health impairments 220,831 or 4%
Visual impairments 26,132 or 0.5%
Autism 53,576 or 1%
Developmental delay % Traumatic brain injury 0.2% Deaf-blindness > 0.1%
Fig. 12.6

20. Learning Disabilities
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Learning Disabilities
Learning disability includes:
A minimum IQ level
A significant difficulty in a school-related area
Exclusion of other conditions
Boys classified 3 times more than girls
Diagnosis difficult

21. Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children
Dyslexia—severe impairment in ability to read and spell
Dyscalculia—difficulty in math computation

22. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics:
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity

23. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Many possible causes; heredity may play role
Undergoes extensive evaluations
Usually treated with stimulant drugs
Controversial

24. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Speech Disorders
Articulation disorders: problems pronouncing sounds correctly
Voice disorders: hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high- or low-pitched speech
Fluency disorders: commonly called “stuttering”

25. Sensory Disorders Visual impairments
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Sensory Disorders
Visual impairments
Low vision: visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200
Educationally blind: unable to use one’s vision in learning

26. Sensory Disorders Hearing Impairments
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Sensory Disorders
Hearing Impairments
Oral approaches: lip reading, speech reading, and any hearing the child has
Manual approaches: sign language and finger spelling

27. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Physical Disorders
Orthopedic impairments: restrictions in movement abilities due to muscle, bone, or joint problems.
Cerebral palsy: lack of muscular coordination, shaking, or unclear speech (common type: spastic)

28. Emotional and Behavior Disorders
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Emotional and Behavior Disorders
Serious, persistent problems involving
Relationships
Aggression
Depression
Fears related to personal or school matters
Other inappropriate socioemotional issues

29. Autism Problems with Personal interactions
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Autism
Problems with
Personal interactions
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Repetitive behaviors
May show atypical sensory responses

30. Autism Types Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autistic disorder
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Autism
Types
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autistic disorder
Asperger’s syndrome

31. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Educational Issues
Public Law (Education for All Handicapped Children Act)
Requires that all children with disabilities be given free, appropriate public education
Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990

32. Educational Issues IDEA amendments in 1997
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Educational Issues
IDEA amendments in 1997
Use of instructional technology
Use of assistive technology
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
Mainstreaming renamed inclusion

33. What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Technology
Instructional technology: hardware and software to accommodate students’ learning needs
Assistive technology: various services and devices to help children with disabilities function

34. Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Written statement that spells out program tailored to child with disability
Related to child’s learning capacity
Designed to meet child’s individual needs
Designed to provide educational benefits

35. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
What Are the Prevalent Disabilities in Children?
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Child with disability must be educated in setting as similar as possible to one in which children without a disability are educated
Inclusion: educating special-needs child full-time in the regular classroom

36. Children 12
The End