Filming Technology CE Anne Tilling

TV Standards PAL – Television broadcast standard Not compatible with NTSC or SECAM Not compatible with NTSC or SECAM PAL and SECAM produce images with up to 625 Horizontal lines rather than NTSC with 525 resolution PAL and SECAM produce images with up to 625 Horizontal lines rather than NTSC with 525 resolution NTSC – National Television Systems Commitee Video transmitted in analogue format using 4:3 nearly square aspect ratio Video transmitted in analogue format using 4:3 nearly square aspect ratio 525 lines 525 lines SECAM – Sequential couleur avec memoire (sequential colour with memory). Colour Television system developed by France and USSR Colour Television system developed by France and USSR 625 lines and 50 frames per second 625 lines and 50 frames per second

Interlacing TV creates image by drawing (scanning) lines of light on the screen from Left to right, top to bottom The images that make up motion picture are made from alternating interlaced fields One field consists of odd lines (1,3,5 etc) One field consists of odd lines (1,3,5 etc) Other field consists of even lines (2,4,6 etc) Other field consists of even lines (2,4,6 etc) Result – half video’s display drawn every 50 th of a second

Aspect ratio Meaning – the ratio between the width of the picture and the height Standard 4:3 (every 4 pixels across there are 3 pixels down) 4:3 is standard television, which we have been familiar with since TV was invented. 4:3 is standard television, which we have been familiar with since TV was invented. Widescreen 16:9 (every 16 pixels across there are 9 pixels down)

Why Widescreen? Aesthetic quality of wider image Building exteriors and landscapes – wider images 16:9 steadily replacing 4:3 televisions Generally regarded as more natural way of viewing image – similar to field of view for the human eye

Widescreen Many cameras have a 16:9 switch, which when activated in either a letterboxed image and/or an anamorphically stretched image. The Canon XL1 is not true wide screen as to be true your camera must have a 16:9 CCD and not a 4:3 CCD like in the Canon XL1 CCD (Charge coupled device) Records light by intensity CCD (Charge coupled device) Records light by intensity Small light sensitive chip containing photosites (convert light from lens into electrons) Small light sensitive chip containing photosites (convert light from lens into electrons)

What does Canon do? Camera chops off the top and bottom scanlines of the image to get the widescreen picture This false way uses only 432 lines of the CCD instead of the 576 on the PAL camera. This false way uses only 432 lines of the CCD instead of the 576 on the PAL camera. When this is displayed on your monitor, the camera has digitally rescaled the lines to fit. But ¼ resolution has been lost.

True Widescreen The right way is to use a 16:9 CCD. So when in 4:3 mode the camera ignores the side panels of the CCD and reads a 4:3 image from the centre portion of the chip

Editing Prior to the introduction of electronic editing in 1963, editing hands on Individual shots on source tape cut and spliced forming edited master tape Time consuming Time consuming Tape easily damaged during handling Tape easily damaged during handling Edit points difficult to locate Edit points difficult to locate Edits straight cuts only Edits straight cuts only

Electronic Editing Involved the original source tape and a NEW reel of tape Copying each shot from source onto new reel in the position required by the editor Made easier by use of time code Source tape could be over used and the tape stretched and distorted Solution – computerized electronic editing systems

Editing Linear Editing Edit made as you go along Edit made as you go along In a line In a line Analogue Analogue Can’t shuffle pieces of footage around timeline Can’t shuffle pieces of footage around timeline Non Linear Editing Can juggle footage around Can juggle footage around Digital Digital

Media 100 Getting started Settings Video and Audio Video and Audio Digitising Media Clip alterations ProgramTransitions Mastering to tape

Getting Started Select Media 100 iFinish 4.6 Folder and Media files Folder (bins, timeline, project files) Folder (bins, timeline, project files) Media (digitised footage – video & audio) Media (digitised footage – video & audio) Set up Media 100 and new project Start new folder on available drive Not h drive Not h drive Save project file inside Project file Project file Timeline Timeline Footage Bin Footage Bin

Project file Timeline Footage bin

Settings Digitising Switch on TV monitor Switch on TV monitor Open work folder Open work folder Connect DV deck (connect FireWire cable) Connect DV deck (connect FireWire cable) Set Hardware settings Set Hardware settings

Hardware Settings – Video and Audio Video Source in – type of input, DV Source in – type of input, DV Standard – What TV standard used Standard – What TV standard used PAL (720x576) 16:9 or 4:3 PAL (768x576) is used for VHS video 16:9 Widescreen

Audio Source in – DV Source in – DV Sample rate – 48000Hz Sample rate – 48000Hz Analogue in – only when recording from analogue device Analogue in – only when recording from analogue device Professional devices = +4dB (Betacam SP & DAT) Consumer devices = -10dB (Mini disc) Analogue out – opposite of above (ignore for DV) Analogue out – opposite of above (ignore for DV) Machine control – Media 100DV Machine control – Media 100DV DV Deck – Either Canon XL1, DV VTR deck or generic DV DV Deck – Either Canon XL1, DV VTR deck or generic DV

Media Settings To ensure correct Hard drive used Edit - Media settings Strike through correct drive line Quality online set to 90kB

Bins Store media Separate bins for separate subjects Separate bins for separate subjects No more than 10 clips per bin No more than 10 clips per bin Bin information can be shown in different ways Bin information can be shown in different ways Digitise longer than required clip Digitise longer than required clip

Program - Timeline Graphics track, Video track and 2 audio tracks Actually 8 audio tracks available Drag media from bin onto video track Open video track to display FX Open video track to display FX Playback footage by hitting spacebar Playback footage by hitting spacebar Zoom on timeline Zoom on timeline Change clip length on timeline Change clip length on timeline

Graphics track

Graphics on timeline

Transitions Blending shots Select clip to blend and double click Changes Edit suite window to the transitions window Changes Edit suite window to the transitions window Clips to blend together must overlap in Va and Vb Choose transition type Apply and render Appear on the FX track

Digitising Media Open new bin File > new bin > save File > new bin > save Select ‘Digitise’ from Edit Suite (Ctrl D) Name shot in window Digitise Either enter timecode in point and outpoint Either enter timecode in point and outpoint Or Press start at beginning of required clip and stop at the end Or Press start at beginning of required clip and stop at the end Footage now stored in bin

Clip alterations Edit suite window (Ctrl E) Change length by selecting in and out points then selecting ‘apply’ This function can be reversed as it is sourcing the original clip This function can be reversed as it is sourcing the original clip N.B. If audio is turned off during clip alterations you can not reverse this and will need to import the footage again N.B. If audio is turned off during clip alterations you can not reverse this and will need to import the footage again Colour changes and time alterations performed via the edit suite window

Mastering to tape Double check the hardware settings were correctly set up File > Master to tape Mode = Record Leader = Black>10 seconds (for a 1 minute film) or 60 seconds (for 30 minute film) Range = Program Trailer = same as leader Destination = Beginning of tape (depends) Machine control = Media 100DV Pal 720, 48000Hz

Tutorial sessions Working through iFinish, Media 100 tutorial Covers all basic functions of the Media 100 software