Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Short Course 5th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Digestive System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives  Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.  Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.  Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Digestive or gastrointestinal system performs three main functions:  digestion  absorption  elimination

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: DIGESTION  Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.  Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.  Proteins → amino acids  Sugars → glucose  Fats → fatty acids

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: ABSORPTION  Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine.  Nutrients travel to all cells of the body  Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: ELIMINATION  Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.  The large intestine concentrates feces.  The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive System  The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch →

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Anatomy of a tooth

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Anatomy of a tooth

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Salivary glands

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pharynx Deglutition

Pharynx Deglutition (swallowing)

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive Tract

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive Tract

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Small Intestine (cont’d.) Villi in the lining of the small intestine

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver:  helps maintain normal blood glucose levels  manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting  removes toxins and poisons from the blood

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream? A.gluconeogenesis B.emulsification C.hyperbilirubinemia D.glycogenolysis

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) The pancreas and its functions

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine? A.cecum B.duodenum C.jejunum D.pylorus

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Terminology Combining FormMeaning  an/oanus  append/oappendix  appendic/oappendix  cholecyst/ogallbladder  col/ocolon  colon/ocolon  duoden/oduodenum  esophag/oesophagus  gastr/ostomach  hepat/oliver

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Terminology – (cont.) Combining FormMeaning  ile/oileum  jejun/ojejunum  or/omouth  pancreat/opancreas  pharyng/opharynx  proct/oanus &rectum  rect/orectum  sigmoidsigmoid colon  stomat/omouth

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Additional Terminology Combining FormMeaning  Cholangi/obile duct  Choledoch/ocommon bile duct

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment Procedures Three types of anastomoses – refer to p. 98

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment Procedures – cont.  Colostomy p.98, 218  Ileostomy p.98, 218  Laraparoscopic surgery p.219  Cholecystectomy p. 93, 219

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures – p. 218  Abdominal computed tomography (CT) Scan  Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Barium tests  Cholangiography  Gastrointestinal endoscopy  Hemocult test  Liver Function Tests  Stool culture  Virtual colonscopy

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathology of the Digestive System Examples of signs and symptoms:  anorexia - lack of appetite  ascites - abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen  eructation - gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth  steatorrhea - fat in the feces; frothy, foul- smelling fecal matter

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Oral Cavity and Teeth:  aphthous stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers  dental caries - tooth decay  herpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.  oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patches  periodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  achalasia - failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  esophageal varices - swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.  gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach  peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract  hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)  anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.  colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)  colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)  Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.  diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines  hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region  ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)  intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines  IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension  ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers  volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas  cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver  pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas  viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder in the gallbladder Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. What abbreviations do you already know? P.219  ALT, AST  BE  GB  GERD  GI  IBD  IBS  LFTs  NPO  TPN