1. The Digestive System Digestion Metabolism Breakdown of ingested food
Absorption of nutrients into the blood
Metabolism
Production of cellular energy (ATP)
Cellular respiration

2. Organs of the Digestive System
Alimentary canal
i.e.: gastrointestinal (GI) tract
continuous coiled hollow muscular tube open at both ends
Accessory digestive organs

3. Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

4. Mouth Anatomy Lips (labia) – protect Cheeks – form walls
Hard palate – front roof
Soft palate – back roof
Uvula – fleshy projection
Tonsils
Tongue
Oral cavity – area contained by the teeth
Figure 14.2a

5. Salivary Glands Saliva (spit)
Contains enzyme amylase to begin starch digestion

6. mixes chewed food with saliva;
helps us swallow the food;
has papillae (bumps) that contain taste buds.

7. Functions of the Pharynx
A passageway for air and food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers
peristalsis
Wavelike contractions of the muscle layers

8. Esophagus Runs to stomach through the diaphragm
Propels food by peristalsis
Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)

9. Stomach on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Food enters at the esophageal sphincter
Food empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

10. Functions of the Stomach
Acts as a storage tank for food
Chemical breakdown of protein begins
Delivers chyme (processed food)to the small intestine
Specialized Cells of the Stomach
Chief cells – produce protein-digesting enzymes
Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid

11. Ulcers
An ulcer is an open, painful wound. Peptic ulcers are ulcers that form in the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine.

12. What causes ulcers? bacteria (Helicobacter pylori)
overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen (Motrin & Advil)
Smoking
Drinking alcohol
Uncontrolled Stress

13. Symptoms of ulcers loss of appetite sharp stomach pains
Nausea and/or vomiting
frequent burping or hiccuping
bloody or blackish bowel movements
weight loss

14. Small Intestine MAJOR SITE OF NUTRIENT ABSORPTION 8-18 feet long villi
Fingerlike structures to increase surface area
microvilli
Small projections of the plasma membrane

15. Large Intestine Absorption of water
Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine
Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food as feces
Cecum – first part
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anus – external

16. Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

18. Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes
Produces hormones
insulin
glucagon

19. Insulin
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar (glucose).
After you eat, blood glucose levels rise and in response to this, insulin is secreted into the blood
In response to insulin, cells (muscle, red blood cells, and fat cells) take glucose in from the blood to use to generate energy (ATP)
This lowers the blood glucose levels back to the normal range
As blood glucose falls, insulin secretion by the pancreas decreases.

20. Diabetes
A person with diabetes does not produce enough insulin or produces no insulin at all.
Without insulin, body cells can’t take the glucose out of the blood
Blood glucose levels become high which leads to other health problems.
So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth requirements.
Diabetes Type 1 - You produce no insulin at all.
Diabetes Type 2 - You don't produce enough insulin, or your insulin is not working properly.

21. Liver Largest gland in the body Manufactures bile
Bile breaks fat into smaller globs for (fat-digesting enzymes to work on.
It’s connected to the gall bladder

22. Gall Bladder Small sac under the liver Connected to the liver
Stores bile
When you eat fatty foods, bile is released from the gallbladder.

23. What are gallstones? Made from cholesterol
They can be as large as a golf ball.
People who are overweight or who are trying to lose weight quickly are more likely to get gallstones.
You can live without your gallbladder