Mrs. McWilliams 7th and 8th Grade HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS Mrs. McWilliams 7th and 8th Grade

Skeletal System 5 major functions: Gives shape and support to body Protects internal organs Major muscles attach to the bone to help it move Blood cells are formed in the center of many bones in soft tissue called red marrow Stores calcium and phosphorous which makes the bones hard

Parts of the bone: Periosteum – tough, tight fitting membrane that covers the surface of the bone. Compact bone – gives the body strength, stores calcium and phosphate. Spongy bone – located at the ends of bones, has small open spaces that help make bones lightweight and contains marrow. Cartilage – smooth, thick, and flexible layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts as a shock absorber

Where two or more bones come together Immovable joints Allows little or no movement Skull and pelvis Movable joints Allows the body to make wide range of movements Pivot joint- neck/skull Ball and socket- shoulder and hip Hinge joint- elbow and knee Gliding joint- back and forth movement, fingers, wrists, ankles and vertebrae

cranium maxilla clavicle mandible scapula sternum ribs humerus vertebrae radius (thumb side) ilium ulna (pinky side) carpals metacarpals phalanges coccyx femur patella tibula fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges

Three types of muscle tissue Cardiac muscle- found in heart MUSCULAR SYSTEM Function: movement Two types of muscles - voluntary- muscles you can control, examples: skeletal muscles like biceps - involuntary- muscles you cannot control, examples: heart, blood vessels, stomach muscles Three types of muscle tissue Cardiac muscle- found in heart Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones

Digestive system Function: to break down food into forms the cells can use for energy 2. The parts of the digestive system where food actually enters: Mouth to Esophagus to Stomach to Small Intestine to Large Intestine to Anus 3. The parts of the digestive system where food does not enter: Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas (release enzymes to help food break down)

Types of Digestion Two types of digestion: Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in mouth, stomach muscles break food apart. Chemical digestion- salvia in mouth breaks food, gastric juice in stomach; bile from gall bladder breaks food with use of chemicals, enzymes

Salivary glands Mouth esophagus Liver stomach gallbladder pancreas duodenum large intestine small intestine anus

Digestion Pathway In your notebook, take notes on the path that food takes form entering to exiting your body

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Functions: carry oxygen and nutrients to all the body parts carry wastes away fight infections and help heal wounds Arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries connect arteries and veins together and allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into cells; veins carry blood back to the heart to pick up oxygen and nutrients. There are four chambers; upper chambers are atriums (right and left atrium); lower chambers ventricles (right and left ventricle)

Components of Blood Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon dioxide Platelets- clot blood White blood cells-fight infection Plasma- carry nutrients 4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O

Circulatory Problems Diseases of circulatory system: Anemia- not enough iron Leukemia- to many white blood cells made Hypertension- high blood pressure Atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up in blood vessels Heart failure

Video: How the Heart Works http://www.mayoclinic.org/circulatory-system/VID-20084745

Lymphatic System Parts of the system: Lymph nodes, Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen Function: filters blood, produce white blood cells that destroy bacteria and viruses Diseases: AIDS ( HIV virus attacks T-cells which are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Parts of the system: Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli Function: takes in oxygen and enters capillaries; gets rid of the wastes, carbon dioxide Diseases of this system: Smoking- chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, Asthma

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Some organs have dual functions Parts of the system: Kidneys, Skin, Lungs, Liver and Large Intestine Functions: to get rid of wastes and toxins that could damage systems and to regulate the fluid levels in the body. Urine can be tested for many diseases (diabetes, kidney disease or heart failure)

NERVOUS SYSTEM Neuron basic unit of structure Types of nerve cells sensory neuron: which receives information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord motor neurons: conduct impulses from the brain to muscles or glands throughout body. Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous system: all nerves outside of brain and spinal cord

Brain: Cerebrum is where thinking takes place; the largest part of brain Cerebellum coordinates your muscle movements for balance ( located at back lower part of brain) Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord (medulla is part of the stem and controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla also is involved in coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.)

Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Cord Carries impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of the body. Peripheral Nervous System Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of nerves from the spinal cord called spinal nerves.

How Drugs/Alcohol Affect the Nervous System Drugs act directly on the brain stem which helps control heart rate, breathing, appetite and sleeping. Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and is considered a depressant. It can impair memory, thought processes, perception, judgment and attention. Over time alcohol can destroy millions of brain cells that can never be replaced or repaired.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Functions: protects sensory response formation of vitamin D regulation of body temperature ridding the body of wastes Skin- the largest organ in the body.

Skin Layers Skin is made up of three layers of tissue Epidermis- is the outer, thinnest layer of your skin where new skin cells are produced. Melanin is a chemical produced in the epidermis that protects your skin and gives it color. Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below the epidermis and contains many blood vessels, nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands. Hypodermis or Subcutaneous-fatty layer that insulates the body.

Endocrine System This system uses hormones (chemicals that are made in glands found throughout the body) that control and regulate your body. Thyroid gland – controls the rate that food is turned into energy. Pituitary gland – controls other glands and body growth. Pineal gland – produces melatonin, a hormone that functions as a body clock regulating sleep and wake patterns.

Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys and helps you when you are excited, angry or frighten. Thymus – helps the body’s immune system. Ovaries – produce female characteristics and initiates female bodily functions. Pancreas – controls the body’s use of glucose. Testes – produces testosterone which controls the development and maintenance of male sexual traits.

NUTRITION FOR THE BODY A review of the 6 basic nutrients… Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used for growth and repair) Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose (used for energy) Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol (store energy and cushion organs) Vitamins are used to regulate the body functions (vitamin D helps bones to absorb calcium, and vitamin K helps blood to clot) Minerals are used to regulate the body functions Water is in its simplest form and makes up about 70% of our body and has numerous functions