We will focus on Bullying as the example of violence Discuss the Relative Effectiveness of Two Strategies for Reducing Violence We will focus on Bullying as the example of violence

Questions for Discussion List all possible sociocultural factors for violence. Consider ways to reduce violence Is there any bullying at our school?

What is Violence? The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. (WHO, 2002)

What is Bullying? Bullying: When a person is exposed repeatedly over time to negative actions on the part of one or more people (direct or indirect) Cyber bullying: The use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group that is intended to harm others Happy slapping: Using physical violence against a person while a third person videotapes the event

How common is it? Not only children – at workplaces too 17 % said that they had been bullied during a school yesr in the US 2001 ( Nansel et al.) Found in many countries 21,9 % of students in elemantary school in Japan 2006 (Kim) Olweus claims that 1 out of 10 students has been the victim of bullying in Norwegian and Swedish schools 1993

Strategies for reducing bullying Look in your IB Study Guide for studies (you all have one now…) MACS :Metropolitan Area Child Study OBPP: Olweus bullying prevention programme

Anti-Bullying Programmes: Study 2 Olweus (1972): Developed a whole-school programme for schools in Norway. This programme uses cooperative learning, teachers are trained to recognize and deal with bullying, lunchrooms and playgrounds are supervised, and counsellors conduct therapy with bullies and their parents. http://www.olweusinternational.no/home/olweus-program/whole-school-level/ The programme has reduced bullying by 50 %. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjHNHsduFF0 Dr. Dan Olweus and the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program

Evaluation Generalisability problem. Olweus’ research was only conducted in Norway, a country that already emphasizes communitarian norms. It is possible that other, less communitarian or individualistic cultures also require a change in cultural norms Black (2007) implementation of OBPP in the USA showed mixed results. Policies and programmes may only be effective if everyone is aware of them and committed to change, including parents Research is qualitative, therefore there are possible researcher biases or Hawthorne effects. Research cannot measure whether the methods are effective outside of school Conclusion: Antibullying programmes have been shown to be effective and are important at all grade levels. http://www.olweusinternational.no/background/critique-of-the-obpp/