Expanding Horizons Chapter 6

Early Exploration See Worksheet 6.1 Make sure you know the following: Reasons for seeking sea routes New technologies that aided exploration Importance of Henry the Navigator Purpose of the Line of Demarcation

Goals for Exploration and who explored for them

Portugal Trade is number one goal Mostly focused in Indian Ocean Colonization later becomes necessary Brazil is only South American Colony www.abflags.com

Bartholomeu Dias From Portugal Explored Southern tip of Africa, Successes Named Cape of Good Hope Proved ships could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa. Controversies None noted

Vasco de Gama from Portugal Explored India Along east coast of Africa Successes Regarded as national hero in Portugal Pioneered a water route to Asia Controversies Failed to convince Muslim merchants to trade with Portugal

Pedro Alvarez Cabral From Portugal Explored Africa Asia Brazil Successes Established trade routes along India’s coast Colonized Brazil Controversies Bloody war with Muslim merchants along the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan From Portugal Explored Atlantic Ocean to South America Pacific Ocean Successes Narrow water named Strait of Magellan, Completed the first circumnavigation. Controversies Executed a Captain who Instigated the mutiny, his ships wrecked, Magellan was killed in the Philippines

Spain Acquire Wealth- mining for gold/silver Convert natives to Christianity Explorers are known as Conquistadors www.abflags.com

Christopher Columbus From Italy but sailed for Spain Explored What he believed to be India, China We later know that it was present day America Successes First person to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and he found gold Columbian Exchange Controversies The crew was scared that they wouldn’t find land.

Amerigo Vespucci From Italy Explored The Americas Successes He suggested that Columbus found a “New World.” America is named after him Controversies Disproving Christopher Columbus’ claims

Francisco Pizarro From Spain Explored South America Successes Establishing a Spanish Colony in present day Peru by defeating the Incan Empire Captured Atahualpa Controversies Massacred thousands of Inca

Hernan Cortes From Spain Explored Mexico area around Aztecs Aided by Malinche Successes Became ruler of Mexico. Established Spanish colony He found gold Controversies Defeated Montezuma II Killed many Aztecs

Netherlands Acquire Natural Resources Expand Commerce Dutch East India Company monopolized trade around Indonesia www.abflags.com

Henry Hudson From England but sailed for the Dutch Explored Atlantic coast of North America Successes Claimed New Amsterdam for the Dutch Controversies The Dutch power was declining, because of England’s leading nation

France Late in exploration because of religious conflict Sought quick profits from trade rather than long term investing They have some trading posts in West Indies and India but majority is in North America (Canada)  Christianizing Missionaries sent to Canada to convert Natives www.abflags.com

Samuel de Champlain From France Explored The Americas Successes Founded Quebec Opened area up for more exploration Controversies None noted

Jacques Cartier From France Explored Eastern Canada Successes Claimed much of eastern Canada for France Named Montreal Controversies None Noted

England Colonization Acquire Raw Materials Defeat Spanish Settlers colonized while looking for Religious freedom Acquire Raw Materials Defeat Spanish They did not focus on Christianizing natives English East India Company monopolized trade around India www.abflags.com

John Cabot from Italy but sailed for England Explored Canada Successes Claimed Newfoundland for England. Controversies None noted

Sir Francis Drake From England Explored Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea for Spanish ships. Successes Retrieved gold and silver for England. Controversies Raided the Spanish ships in order to get the gold and silver.

Effects of Exploration

Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods and ideas between the Old world and the New World Credited to Christopher Columbus’ first journey to the New world

Correct Answers for Columbian Exchange Banana Carnations Chickens Coffee Daisies Dandelion Horses Influenza Olives Oranges Peaches Pigs Rice Smallpox Sugarcane Wheat Alpaca Avocado Beans Cacao Corn Cotton Marigolds Peanuts Poinsettias Potatoes Pumpkins Rubber Syphilis Tobacco Tomatoes Turkeys

Triangle Trade and the Middle Passage 6.2 Continued Triangle Trade and the Middle Passage

Triangle Trade Three way trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas Americas to Europe Raw Materials Europe to Africa Manufactured goods Africa to Americas Slaves

Effects on Native Populations Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos, Natives and Africans Many natives converted to Christianity. Made connections with native cultures to tie into Christian beliefs Some Natives were killed if they did not convert Used natives for slave labor Effects of disease Many native populations were decimated, Up to 80% death rate in some regions. Led to introduction of African slaves Created Encomienda System in Central America Colonial born whites whose parents were both from Spain or Portugal People of mixed ethnicity- one parent was a native or African

People of Importance

Atahualpa He was the last ruler of the Incan people. He came to power by defeating his brother. He was defeated by Pizarro and the Spanish. A priest granted him an easier death for converting to Christianity.

Malinche She was a slave given to Cortés. She willingly traveled with him as a translator. She helped Cortés make contact with the Aztec people. She is seen as a traitor by her people.

Montezuma He was the last ruler of the Aztec people. He initially welcomed Cortés with gifts of gold. He thought Cortés was their god-king returning. He was defeated by Cortés.  

Bartolome de las Casas He was a Jesuit who traveled with the Conquistadors. He fought to end abuse toward native people. Laws were passed but rarely enforced.