España

3) Geography  Spain is located at the southeast of Europe  Spain together with Portugal forms the Iberian Peninsula  Neighbors?  Portugal at the edge of the peninsula  Spain  France  Temperature/climate of the different regions Northeast lots of rain, the south very dry

Spanish mountains  Excluding Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe  Snow covers the mountains of the Sierras  The Pyrenees mountains separates Spain from the rest of Europe  The Pyrenees separates Spain from France

Pyrenees Mountains

Las Sierras

Spanish Cities and Regions  North (Galicia, Asturias, Euskadi (el País Vasco), Navarro  East (Cataluña, Aragon, Valencia)  West (Extremadura, Valencia)  Center of Spain (Castilla -Leon and Castilla – La Mancha)  South - Andalucía  Mediterranean Sea (Las Islas Baleares, Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera)

Languages of Spain  Barcelona and Catulaña – Catalan and Castellano  Euskadi – Euskera and Castellano  Galicia – Gallego, Gallego-Portugues, Castellano

(Prehistoric) History of Spain

The Iberians  First recorded to be in Spain around 6 th century BC  They were warrior like and an individualistic society  People were short and brown  Also occupied England, Ireland, France, and other places in Europe  They were believed to be the precursors to the Basque people because of the names of the rivers, cities, and mountains

The Iberians

The Celtics  They arrived at the Iberian Peninsula around 6 th century  They were fair skinned and came from the Northern and central parts of Europe  They were a conglomerate of disorganized warrior like tribes. They were brave and usually fought unto their deaths

The Celtics

The Phoenicians They were the first to organized trading on the peninsula They originated from the Mediterranean islands Phoenicians were traders, sailors and Semites They were the founders of the oldest City in Spain, Cadiz Phoenicians were generally peaceful and calm They taught the residents of the peninsula how to use money, alphabet, metalwork and cloth/fabric

The Greeks Toward the 7 th century, the Greeks began to move to the Iberian peninsula and were the first to begin to plant grapes and olives, in what is Spain today They founded schools and Academies

The Carthaginians  Cartago was a colony of Phoenicia situated in northern Africa  Population was more than a million inhabitants  Their army conquered Spain in the 3 rd century under the leadership of Anibal  Cartago was destroyed and burned down by the Romans in 146 AD

The Carthaginians

The Romans  It took 12 years to finally get rid of the Carthaginians from Spain  In the city of Numancia Spain, all the soldiers committed suicide instead of being taken alive by the Roman soldiers  With the Roman culture mixed in with all the other races and languages, this was how the Spanish language was born

The Romans

The Vice Goths/ Visigoths  After 6 centuries of roman rule, Spain was invaded by barbarians from the north  The barbarians took particular advantage of the lands of the south of Spain  These ‘barbarians’ were also known as Goths/vice-Goths and were made up of various German tribes  In the 6 th Century, the Goths converted to Christianity

The Visigoths

The Arabs  In the 7 th Century, the prophet Mohammed founded the Islamic religion. This religion unified the different Arabic tribes  At that point in time, the Arabic tribes became the most powerful civilization in the world  The Islamic religion feuded with Christianity to become the dominant religion in the world  The Islamic tribes controlled many parts of Europe to the Middle East

The Arabs cont’d  In 711, the Arabs finally entered into Spain and remained there for 8 centuries  Although during those 8 centuries they fought many times with the Spanish, they also spent many years living together peacefully  After many years of infighting, the Arabes finally were left with one main stronghold in Granada  The name of the main palace was la Alhambra. La Alhambra finally fell to the Christian forces in 1492

5) Historic Spanish Architecture/Art  Prehistoric Art  Roman architecture in Spain Coliseums, bridges, theaters, temples among others Roman aqueduct of Segovia

Arabic architecture in Spain Due to their belief in not reproducing the human from, no Arabic art contain humans can be found Arabic art is dominant in the south of Spain. Their art consisted of vibrant colors, intricate designs, and rich ornamentation. The Mosque of Cordoba, converted into a Christian Church contains almost 1000 columns The Alhambra or Red Palace of Granada was constructed in the 8 th and 9 th Century as a residence of the Moorish kings

Spanish art in the middle ages The bridge of Toledo The cathedral of Santiago de Compostela The cathedral de Sevilla Murallas de Avila Cathedral of Jaen en Andalucia

7) Spanish Literature  What are Las ‘jarchas’ Jarchas are the oldest form of Spanish literature that is known. They are short poems written in Arabic and Spanish dialect. The main themes of these poems are frequently of love and the pain or ectasy it may bring  Pedro Calderon de la Barca  Francisco de Quevedo  Maria de Zayas

Miguel Cervantes (1547 – 1616)  Cervantes was self-taught but also received formal education  He was also a soldier, and lost the use of his left hand in battle “for the greater good of the right” (according to Cervantes)  Most famous for his work – Don Quijote de la Mancha in 1605

Lope de Vega (1562 – 1635)  Born and died in Madrid Spain  He attended a university operated by Jesuit priests, but was largely self- taught  He was part to the 1588 Invincible Army  Although he was married twice and had many illegitimate children, he became a priest at age 52  He was a playwright, poet, and a priest  Famous works: Fuenteovejuna

Garcilaso de la Vega (1501 – 1536) Was from a noble family, was a military man, diplomat, musician, and poet He played the harp and the violin He wrote in Spanish, Latin, and italian He died in Battle at the age of 34

 8) Spanish Artists/Musicians  Diego Velasquez  Francisco de Goya  Salvador Dali  Antoni Gaudi  Pablo Picasso

Federico García Lorca (1898 – 1936)  Was born in Andalucía Spain  Lorca was a poet, playwright, composer, pianist, guitarist, director, and illustrator  He was considered the poet of the gitanos (gypsies), Blacks of New York, homosexuals, and oppressed women  He visited New York in 1929 – a visit that both impressed and depressed him  He was assassinated by a Franco loyalist

Domenico Theotocopuli - El Greco (1542 – 1614)  The name El Greco came about because this painter was born in Crete, Greece  Born in Greece, studied painting in Italy, and one of the most famous Spanish painters  El Greco painted mainly religious themes - using somber colors, and people in reverential positions  Famous works: La crucifixion, El entierro del conde de Orgaz,

 1) Present day Spanish culture  Bullfighting in Spain  Spanish Music/Arts  Food  Sports