Chapter 5.1 Matter and Atoms

Matter is

After you read: 1. Explain how the periodic table of elements is organized and how you can use this organization to make predictions about element behavior. Each listing tells an element’s symbol, its number of protons (and electrons), and in groups of similar chemical properties allows readers to make predictions about an element’s behavior.

2. Use data from page 92 to draw and label a diagram of a potassium atom.

5.2 Composition and structure of Minerals: While you read: Crystal structure: A unique pattern of ions repeats throughout a mineral’s crystal structure. Molecular structure: Silicate minerals are grouped by molecular structure. Melting temperature: Minerals melt at temperatures unique to their molecular components.

Cleavage: Minerals tend to split in directions particular to their crystal structure. Density: Minerals have unique densities due to molecular structure and chemical bonds.

After you read: 1. Explain the differences between the magma and pressure processes for forming minerals. In the magma process, minerals form when compounds mass together as the magma cools. In the pressure process, pressure breaks down minerals that are then melted by heat and recombine to form new minerals.

5.3 Identifying Minerals Color: color appearance of the mineral Luster: way a mineral shines in light Streak: color of the mineral’s powder Cleavage: the way a mineral splits Fracture: tendency to break in direction other than cleavage lines Hardness: resistance to being scratched Specific gravity: density ratio of the mineral to water Chemical tests: chemical reactions unique to a particular mineral Unique characteristics: unique features such as phosphorescence or magnetism

5.3 After You read What are the limitations to using color or hardness to identify minerals? Color: many minerals have similar colors, others change color at times. Hardness: hardness scale is not uniform in units.

5.4 Mineral Groups While you read: Quartz: rose quartz; hardness:7; color: rose; chonchoidal or irregular Feldspar: labradorite; hardness: 6; color: white to gray; cleavage: 2 surfaces, one with striation Carbonate: calcite; hardness: 3; color: colorless or white; cleavage: 3 perfect cleavages Oxide/Sulfide: magnetite; hardness: 5.5-6.5; color: black; cleavage: none

5.4 After you read 1. Name and describe a mineral from the pyroxene family. Augite is in the pyroxene family. It has two nearly right angle cleavages, contains iron and magnesium, is dark in color, and has a hardness between 5 and 6.

5.4 After You Read Draw a pie chart that roughly shows the distribution of the mineral groups discussed in Section 5.4. You will have to draw conclusions from the text in order to estimate the relative proportions of the different mineral groups.

Mineral Distribution