1. Everything that has mass and volume is called matter. _______: Amount of material in an object Volume: ___________________________________

2. Atoms with certain consistent characteristics are called….

3. Elements: Substances that can NOT be broken into simpler substances Symbols: Latin and Greek in Origin –Usually given the 1 st letter of the name or the 1 st two letters in the elements name as the symbol Periodic Table –Organizes the elements horizontally by atomic number –Vertically by similar element properties

4. Atoms Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element Model –___________ – moving charged particles with a negative charge –Protons – _________________________ –___________ – in nucleus with no charge

5. How are Protons, Neutrons, & electrons related? ___________= atomic number # electrons = ______________________ # protons + # neutrons ______________

6. Ions & Bonding ______: An atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electron –Gain ________________________________ –Loss ________________________________ –Opposites charges attract holding the atoms together called ____________________ _______________: electrons are shared by atoms instead of given up

7. But!!! Not all atoms of the same element are the same, either.

9. Certain isotopes of elements are ___________, or __________. (example: Carbon-14 and Uranium-238) These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us to do absolute-age dating!

10. Most substances on Earth are not pure elements but rather…. ???

11. A Compound is….. A substance _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________.

12. A Mixture, on the other hand, is… A substance ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

13. Elements by themselves are much less common than __________, because they tend to combine with each other to form Compounds.

15. Elements and Compounds in their solid form make up…

16. A _________ is a naturally occurring _________ with a definite chemical composition and a ___________ structure.

17. That means that… It can’t be organic in origin It can’t be a liquid and.. It has to have a crystal structure

18. Lets put that in a list format. 1. Minerals are a __________ occurring substance. 2. Minerals are ________. 3. Minerals have ________ _________________________ _________________________.

19. 4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged in an orderly _____________________________ _____________________________ 5. Minerals are inorganic. (___________________________ ___________________________)

20. How many different minerals are there on Earth??? Answer:

21. Most Minerals are Compounds ___________________________________ Ex: Quartz: Silicon and Oxygen Ex: Halite – Sodium and Chlorine Ex: Galena – Lead and Sulfur Minerals can have only 1 element ___________( native element) –Ex: Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur, Diamond

22. More than ___% of all of the minerals in the Earth’s Crust, however, are made up of compounds containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements on Earth.

23. High Silica content forms light- colored rocks. While _______ (but only by about 25%) Silica content forms darker- colored rocks.

24. How do Minerals Form??? 1. Minerals form in cooling ______ chambers

25. Different types of minerals crystallize at different temperatures Decreasing temperature Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber ___________ Reaction Series

27. 2. Metamorphic Minerals: Some minerals occur as the result of Recrystallisation and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals in response to changes in _____________& __________

28. 3. Some types of minerals form as water containing dissolved ______ slowly evaporates. Salt deposits

29. How long does it take for minerals to form?? Minerals in solution in water can form relatively ________ when the water evaporates. Minerals in magma can form as _______ as the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in minutes, while magma can take thousands of years).

30. Although there are thousands of different types of minerals, their crystals come in six basic types of shapes A Crystal is: A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called _________________ The orderly arrangement of ______, _________, or ______, in any mineral determines the shape of its crystals.

37. Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common. These 30 minerals are known as the ______________________r ock-forming minerals

38. Most rock-forming minerals are… The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a rock determines the type of rock it is. \

39. Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are dark in color, and are called ______ rocks. Rocks are often made of several different _______ Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and are called ______ rocks.

40. How are minerals most often identified? Minerals are most often identified by inspecting their ___________ and ____________ Properties.

41. Color Color is the most easily _______________, but least ___________________ property of a mineral for identification. This is because the color of many minerals ________________ with the kind of impurities in the mineral.

42. Luster The way a mineral _________________ in the light. Either _____________________ or _______________________

43. Streak Streak is the color of the _______________ left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it. Why is streak more reliable than color?

44. Cleavage Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to _____________ in a particular direction.

45. Fracture Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to ____________ in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces. Has ____________, rough, or jagged surfaces.

46. Hardness Hardness is the ___________________ of a mineral to being scratched. The __________ ________________ Scale is one of the most effective tool for identifying minerals.

47. Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a mineral is the ration of its weight ________________ with the weight of an equal volume of water Differences in density: D= ____________ Gold has specific gravity of _____ It means gold is _____ times heavier than water

48. Other Properties Reaction to _______________ Striation Magnetism _________________ Radioactivity

49. Mineral Groups Silicates (most abundant) Non-silicates - Oxides - Carbonates - Sulfides - Halides - Native elements (single ___________)

50. Mineral Groups - Silicates Silicates - Tetrahedron - fundamental building block - 4 oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion