Minerals

Learning Target I can use a table of physical properties to classify minerals.

Minerals A mineral is non-living (inorganic) A mineral is naturally occurring, not man made A mineral is solid A mineral has crystal structure A good example of a mineral is table salt.

Properties to Identify Minerals Color– the same mineral can have many different colors; least reliable way to identify a mineral Luster– what the surface looks like in the light-greasy, oily, waxy, metallic Streak-the color of a mineral in powdered form; rub mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain or streak plate Density– how heavy it feels, specific gravity Cleavage and Fracture– pattern when mineral is broken; cleavage breaks into thin sheets or cubes, fracture are curved or conchoidal (shell-shaped) Hardness – what it can scratch & what scratches it (Mohs Hardness Scale) Transparency - The ability to transmit light. Depending on a number of things, rocks & minerals can also transmit light. Many rocks that are opaque when in a chunk, are translucent when cut into very thin slices. Special Properties– magnetism, chatoyancy (iridescent), fluorescence, odor, fizz test, burn test, conductivity

Mohs Hardness Scale HardnessMineral 1Talc 2Gypsum 3Calcite 4Fluorite 5Apatite 6Orthoclase 7Quartz 8Topaz 9Corundum 10Diamond A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is its hardness. The harder a mineral is to scratch, the higher its rating on the Mohs scale. Talc is the softest with a rating of 1. Diamond is the hardest mineral with a rating of 10. Your fingernail has the hardness of about a 2. If these reference minerals are not available, use your fingernail, a penny, a piece of glass, and a steel file.

DO NOW 1. Which mineral characteristic is tested by rubbing the mineral on a porcelain tile or plate? 2. Which mineral characteristic is tested by scratching the mineral across other minerals or across items such as a nail, penny or glass? 3. How do you determine a mineral’s cleavage?

Rock Cycle

Learning Targets I can label a diagram that depicts the three different types of rocks. I can differentiate and label a diagram that depicts the major processes of the rock cycle.

Rock Cycle Processes on Earth’s surface that affect the types of rocks Weathering-water, wind, ice, and heat break down rocks into small fragments Erosion-water, wind, ice, or gravity move sediment over Earth’s surface Deposition-when sediment stops moving Pressure-weight of sediment squeezed by layers above it Heat-rock gets hot enough to melt-magma

Rock Cycle Continuous changing of rocks from one kind to another Takes long periods of time.

Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks- formed when magma or lava hardens. Magma-molten rock deep within the Earth

Examples of Igneous Rocks The type of Igneous Rock depends on how fast the magma cooled. Slowly Cooled= Large crystals. Example-Granite Rapid Cooled= Small crystals Example-Obsidian

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks - formed when layers of sediment harden. Two ways to harden: Pressure from weight Heat cement minerals together. Found where rivers meet oceans and sediments are dumped

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks Example-shale made from mud and rocks. Sandstone made from sand.

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks Conglomerate- made from sand, pebbles and rocks

Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks Limestone- made from shells of dead sea animals

Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks Rocks changed into new rocks due to high heat and great pressure. Found deep in Earth.

Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks Examples  Quartzite- forms from sandstone

Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks Example Marble- forms from limestone

Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks Example Slate- forms from shale

The Rock Cycle Use what you have learned to create a rock cycle diagram. Include:  Where and how each type of rock is found  Mountain  River  Ocean  Volcano  2 upper layers of the earth’s interior

Rock Cycle Diagrams

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Assessment: Rock Cycle When rock fragments are compacted and cemented, what type of rocks do they become?

Assessment: Rock Cycle When metamorphic rocks are melted what do they become?

Assessment: Rock Cycle When magma cools and hardens, what type of rocks are formed?

Assessment: Rock Cycle When sedimentary rocks are really heated up and pressure is applied, what do they become?

Assessment: Rock Cycle When igneous rocks are weathered and eroded, what do they become?

Assessment: Rock Cycle The gemstone opal is a sedimentary rock that consists of microscopic balls of silica cemented together by water. Explain how an opalized clam shell may have formed.