The Coal, Hard Facts By: Anna Duban Sources of Energy for the Future 10/8/13

Background Coal began formation in Carboniferous Period, million years ago Swamp plant life stored energy from photosynthesis. This plant energy was trapped for years under heat and pressure of dirt and water above, thereby forming coal.

Properties Sedimentary rock, blackish-brown in color Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur Combustible Non-renewable (cannot be replenished in a short period of time).

Coalification & Ranking Coalification- The degree of change as coal matures from peat (decayed vegetation) to anthracite (fully mature coal). The degree of maturity affects the coal’s physical and chemical properties and in turn its energy potential. Coal is then ranked according to its quality, dependent upon: –original vegetation type –depth underground –temperature and pressure –length of time allowed to mature Higher ranked coal has greater concentration of Carbon & higher energy content, while lower has greater moisture content. 4 Ranks (least to greatest): lignite, sub- bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.

Why is coal so important? Advantages: 1. Relatively inexpensive, stable

2. Most abundant fossil fuel in the U.S… USA Energy Reserves – Billion barrels of oil equivalent (Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2013)

…and worldwide There are recoverable reserves of coal in almost 80 countries.

Fossil fuels reserves-to-production ratios at the end of 2010: Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011

Yet… Global coal reserves differ from actual coal resources. – Reserves include coal that is economically recoverable at a given time, taking into account mining costs and available technology. –Resources include all potential coal deposits. Therefore: “Coal resources are around 17 times larger than coal reserves and account for over two thirds of all non-renewable energy sources including…oil and gas.” - World Coal Association

Globally Dependent on Coal for Electricity -Most coal is used domestically, with only 15% of total global production imported/exported In countries and regions such as Europe, China, and India, where coal reserves are higher than those of any other energy source, coal is utilized domestically for the majority of energy needs. Coal contributes to 41% of world’s electricity - In the U.S., which has the largest coal reserves in the world, over 92% of produced coal is used to generate 37% of total net electricity. 1 lb of coal = power for 10, 100 watt bulbs for 1 hour

Incremental world primary energy demand by fuel, (Mtoe) Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2011

Other uses of Coal Industry The elements methanol and ethylene, separated from coal, contribute to the formation of plastics, tar, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and medicine. Concrete and Paper Steel: 68% of the world’s steel is produced from coal. Small portion for heating commercial buildings, military facilities, homes

Disadvantages Environmental - Emissions: - SO 2 acid rain, respiratory illness - NO x smog, respiratory illness - Particulates smog, haze, respiratory illness, lung disease - CO 2 Greenhouse gas - HCl Mining, cleaning, transporting coal releases methane (vented for safety reasons). 2,249 lbs/Mwh of CO 2 13 lb/Mwh of SO 2 6 lb/Mwh of NO x

Negative Impacts on Water - Mercury & heavy metals neurological and developmental damage; low air concentration but deadly upon contaminating water; fish humans - Fly & Bottom Ash- storage in landfills and power plants leak into groundwater - large quantities of water used to remove coal impurities through steaming and cooling - rainwater causes runoff of arsenic and lead from coal piles - 70 % of coal comes from surface mines, which are utilized to remove mountain tops and deposit soil and rock in valleys. This leads to the covering of streams.

Presently… Average efficiency of coal-fired power plants is 34% “Upgrading the world’s older (>30 years old) and smaller (<250 MW) coal power plants with newer, larger coal plants would reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 5.5%”- World Coal Association

What is being utilized to increase coal efficiency and reduce harmful emissions? Fluidized Bed Combustion Supercritical & Ultra supercritical Boilers/ Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle CCS- Carbon Capture & Sequestration Flue Gas Desulphurization “scrubbing”- removes SO 2 before it leaves smokestack Electrostatic Precipitators- attract particles through an electric field

- Fluidized Bed Combustion - reduces SO x and NO x emissions by 90% - Coal is burned in a reactor, and gas is fed through a bed to maintain the turbulence of the fuel; improves heat transfer and waste recovery; allows overall mechanism to operate at lower temperatures

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)/ Ultra Supercritical Technology -A gasifier converts coal to syngas, which drives a turbine and generates electricity -Coal is combined with oxygen and steam to produce syngas, comprised of H 2 and CO; gas is cleaned to remove impurities (sulfur); resulting gas drives turbine Waste heat from first turbine is recovered to produce steam and drive a second turbine= combined cycle system Result: Clean- burning hydrogen for modern cars! Ultra supercritical is under development and could potentially increase efficiency to 50%

Efficiencies of Boilers vs. CO 2 Emissions

Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS ) Capturing CO 2 that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere and injecting it deep underground Pre-combustion CCS Post-Combustion CCS Oxyfuel Oxyfuel and post-combustion capabilities can be added to current power plants. Higher operation costs and lower efficiencies than traditional plants; 10-40% more energy is required to separate, capture, and sequester the CO 2. $1 billion price tag. 32 million tons of CO 2 stored worldwide

Schematic Diagram of CO 2 - Enhanced Oil Recovery

Contribution of different power sector technologies to reductions in CO 2 emissions Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2010

Final Thoughts - Coal use will inevitably increase by 60% -90% of demand from developing countries Although it is environmentally harmful, we all depend on coal today for 1/3 of our energy usage. Would you like to have your cell phone or laptop always 1/3 below fully-charged? Obviously, coal cannot be eradicated without drastically altering our present lifestyle, and it is a significant contributor to many materials used today (cement, steel, aluminum), not to mention other green energy such as hydropower & wind energy. Therefore, coal is here to stay, but it is up to the collaboration between our governments and informed citizens to work towards supporting clean coal technology.

The End Thanks for listening!

Works Consulted Cleancoalusa.org. American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity, Web. 3 Oct “Coal.”Epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 25 Sept Web. 2 Oct “Coal.” Iea.org. International Energy Agency, Web. 2 Oct U.S. Energy Information Association. Eia.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, Web. 1 Oct Worldcoal.org. World Coal Association, Web. 4 Oct