 Two Treatises of Government (1689)  English philosopher & physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.  Known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism."  Important to social contract theory.  Natural rights to “ life, liberty, and property,“  “Separation of church and state.”  Believed that natural rights were inalienable.  Government is responsible for protecting the people’s rights.  The people have the right to change their government.  “the power of the ruler is delegated by the people and continues only with their consent."

 Leviathan (1651)  Discusses the origin of centralized government  Explains the “social contract” theory  Early humans gave up a “state of nature” for government’s protection

 The Spirit of the Laws (1748)  Classified government into three types:  Monarchies  Republics  Despotisms  Developed the concept of separation of powers – Three branches of government.

 Known as Voltaire  A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit,  He advocated:  freedom of religion,  freedom of expression,  separation of church and state.

 A Swiss philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century.  Rousseau's most important work, The Social Contract,  by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.

 Borrowed heavily from Locke’s concepts of natural rights  Designates government as protector of these rights

An Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemned torture and the death penalty,

 Developed theory of universal gravitation  Applied reason and rationality to natural phenomena  Inspired others thinkers with the idea of the universe having natural laws

 Wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel that became an international best-seller.

 English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.  He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

 A German composer and musician of the Baroque period.  His music is revered for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth.  He is generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.

 A prolific and influential composer of the Classical era.  He composed over 600 works

 A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.  Father of modern Economics  Famous for his book The Wealth of Nations  laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory.  rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity.

 A German philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist.  laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor & its relation to capital.  Published numerous books, including The Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital  States, were run on behalf of the ruling class and in their interest while representing it as the common interest of all.  capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism.