Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From the Medieval to the Modern World Culture and Values, 6 th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

The Mughal Empire  Babur ( ), Akbar ( )  India as center of civilization  Religious freedom (Islam, Hindu)  Urdu language  Artistic blend of Hindu, Persian, and Islamic elements

Mughal Art Architecture  Mosques, palaces, walled cities, forts  Indian techniques, Arabic innovations  Dome, pointed arch, minaret  Taj Mahal at Agra (Shah Jehan)  Tomb, monument for Banu Begam

Mughal Art Visual Arts  Book illustrations, miniatures  Secular  Realistic scenes from courtly life  Persian influences  calligraphy

Mughal Art Literature  Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish)  Literary devotion of Homayun  Poetry (Persian)  Mughal tolerance  Tulsi Das (1532?-1623)

The End of Mughal Rule and the Arrival of the British  Aurangzeb ( )  Islam vs. Hindu  Sikhism  British East India Trading Company  India as “Jewel in the Crown” of Britain  Controlled by British government by 1849

The Rise of Nationalism  India’s National Congress Party  Strife for self-rule  Mohandas Gandhi ( )  Satyagraha  National literature  Prem Cand ( )  Rabindranath Tagore ( )

Chinese Culture Under Imperial Rule  Centralized government ( )  Untouched by Western influence  Port of Macao  Political and social stability  Population growth  Poverty, political unrest, revolution

The Arts Under the Ming Dynasty  Political, economic stability  Cultural enrichment  Confucianism  New literary genres  Hua-Pen  Novels  Stage plays

The Arts Under the Ming Dynasty  Landscape paintings  Human form in natural setting  Artistic attitudes  “change within tradition”  No distinctions between major art forms  Painted ceramicware, “China”

The Arts Under the Ming Dynasty  Architecture tied to Confucianism  Kublai Khan (c )  Marco Polo (c )  The Forbidden City  South vs. North  Traditional symbolic values

The Qing Dynasty: China and the Western Powers  Kang Hsi ( )  Synthesized local, central administration  Introduced Western arts, education  Jesuit missionaries  Cultural stagnancy  Basic technological methods  Old artistic formulas, Shitao’s Landscape

The Qing Dynasty: China and the Western Powers  Western Trade and Chinese Independence  Opium War ( )  Internal rebellions weakened government  Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion  Republican Revolution  Sun Yat-sen  Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung

The Art and Culture of Japan: Early Japanese History and Culture  Capital from Nara to Kyoto  Shift from Buddhism to Shintoism  Japanese writing system, literature  Poetry  Theater (no plays)  Murasaki’s novel Tale of Genji  Shonagon’s pillow-book

The Art and Culture of Japan: The Period of Feudal Rule  Kakamura (1185)  Samurai-dokoro, Shogun  Control of samurai  Rise of the warrior class  Age of the Warring States ( )  Daimyo vs. Shogun  Introduction of firearms

The Art and Culture of Japan: The Edo Period  Rule of the Tokugawa family ( )  Japanese versions of landscapes  Gentler colors, heightened abstraction  Influence of Western art  Peacocks and Peonies (1176)  Woodblock art  Hokusai Katsushika ( )

The Art and Culture of Japan: The Edo Period  Basho’s Haiku  Buddhist, Zen Buddhist reflections  Crucial detail of landscapes  Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman  Overt eroticism, tales of homosexuality  Monzaemon, The Love Suicide at Amijima  Kabuki drama

Modern Japan: The Meiji  Commodore Perry, trade with America  Mitsuhito’s “Enlightened Government”  Radical program of reform  Strong central government  Military program  Industrialization

Chapter Nineteen: Discussion Questions  To what extent did religious and cultural tolerance of the Moghal empire affect the arts of the period? Explain, citing specific examples. What was the effect of a loss of tolerance?  What were the positive effects of China’s resistance to Western cultural influences? How did the country’s isolation ultimately serve to undo it political and social stability? Explain.  What was the function of art in Communist China? Explain.  What was the result of outside influence into Japanese culture during the Period of Feudal Rule and beyond into the Meiji? Consider the far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) of this influence to the people and culture of Japan.