1. Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.
Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From Medieval to Modern Times
Culture and Values
Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.

2. Pre-Medieval India
500-=1000 c.e. in North & South India establishment of major cities
Hinduism & Buddhism dominate religions
Periods of peace & prosperity linked with religious dominance and flourishing of culture like architecture, poetry,
Hindu temples cave temples
Statues in Copper alloys or Bronze

3. Seated Buddha Expounding the Dharma, Late Anuradhapura period (750–850), late 8th century Sri Lanka Copper alloy
Seated Crowned and jeweled Buddha, Pala period (ca. 700–1200), late 10th century; Kurkihar style Bihar, India Bronze with silver, lapis lazuli, and rock-crystal inlays

4. Pre-Medieval India 1000-1400 c.e.
In the North, Buddhism wanes while Islam moves in with Muslim expansion
miniature paintings become popular—religious manuscript paintings. Buddhist and Jainism work: linear, flat style, and limited palette.
Jain temples erected
Urdu language develops
1225: The Qutb Minar, tallest minaret—a tower from which the adhan, or call to prayer, is announced, built in Delhi
Pair of manuscript covers with Buddhist deities, late 11th century Nepal Distemper on wood; Each: 2 1/8 x 22 1/8 in. (5.4 x 56.2 cm) Fletcher and Rogers Funds, 1976 ( )

5. The Qutb Minar

6. Pre-Medieval India: South 1000-1400 c.e.
Buddhism declines; Islam becomes dominate religion except for Sri Lanka
Brihadeshvara Temple 1000 ce built
Metal sculptures produced in Chola kingdom
Jain temple of Mount Abu 1030 ce.
1290 Marco Polo lands in Tamil Nadu and sails up Malabar Coast on return from China.
1343 Vijayanagar, capital city, is built

7. Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja), Chola period (ca. 860–1279), ca
Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja), Chola period (ca. 860–1279), ca. 11th century, Tamil Nadu, India, Copper alloy; H. 26 7/8 in. (68.3 cm), Diam. 22 1/4 in. (56.5 cm)Gift of R. H. Ellsworth Ltd., in honor of Susan Dillon, 1987 ( )
Dilwara Jain Temple - Mount Abu

8. India: The Mughal Empire
1398 Monguls sack Dehli led by Timur
battles between Indian and Monguls
Babur, succeeds/son of Timur ( )
1498 Portuguese arrive on west coast of India
1510 Portuguese control of East India spice trade
1523 Battle of Panipat=rule of Mughal dynasty
Akbar ( ) Akbar ruler of Mughal dynasty-policy of religious tolerance
India as center of civilization
Urdu language
Artistic blend of Hindu, Persian, and Islamic elements

9. India Mughal Art Architecture Mosques, palaces, walled cities, forts
Indian techniques, Arabic innovations
Dome, pointed arch, minaret
Taj Mahal at Agra (Shah Jehan)
Tomb, monument for Banu Begam

10. 19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649
19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649. (© Brian A. Vikander/CORBIS)
19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649

11. Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish) Literary devotion of Homayun
India Mughal Art
Literature
Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish)
Literary devotion of Homayun
Poetry (Persian)

12. India Mughal Art Visual Arts Book illustrations, miniatures Secular
Realistic scenes from courtly life
Persian influences
calligraphy

13. Calligraphic dish, 'Adil Shahi period (1490–1686), ca
Calligraphic dish, 'Adil Shahi period (1490–1686), ca India, Deccan, Bijapur Copper alloy; cast; H. 1/4 in. (0.6 cm), Diam. 5 7/8 in. (14.9 cm)

14. 19.3 Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, c. 1590
19.3 Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai. Folio 22 from the Akbarnama (History of Akbar) by Abul Fazl, c Opaque watercolor on paper, 1´17⁄8˝ x 83⁄4˝ (32.5 by 22 cm.). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK//Image © Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY

15. The Gopis Beseech Krishna to Return Their Clothing: Page from the Dispersed "Isarda" Bhagavata Purana(Ancient Stories of Lord Vishnu), ca. 1560–65 India, probably Delhi–Agra area Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 7 5/8 x 10 1/8 in. (19.4 x 25.7 cm) Gift of the H. Rubin Foundation, Inc ( )

16. Carpet with palm trees, ibexes, and birds, Mughal period (1526–1858), late 16th–early 17th century Present–day Pakistan, Lahore Cotton (warp and weft), wool (pile); asymmetrically knotted pile; L. 328 in. (833.1 cm), W. 108 in. (274.3 cm) Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 ( )

17. India The End of Mughal Rule and the Arrival of the British
1600 Queen Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company
Jahangir succeeds Akbar: blends Indian & Persian cultures-flourishing of art
Aurangzeb ( )
Islam vs. Hindu
Sikhism
Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir-builds Taj Mahal
1641 British East India Trading Company sets up first factories
1741 Battle of Plassey: East India Company gains control of Bengal.
India as “Jewel in the Crown” of Britain
Controlled by British government by 1849

18. The Glorification of Akbar: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605–27) Attributed to Govardhan (active ca. 1596–1645) Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

19. Four Portraits: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605–27), ca. 1610–15 By Balchand, Daulat, Murad India Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

20. India The Rise of Nationalism
India’s National Congress Party
Strive for self-rule
Mohandas Gandhi ( )
Satyagraha
Visual Arts
Subodh Gupta (b. 1964)
Satyajit Ray ( )

21. Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit His Beloved, ca
Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit His Beloved, ca. 1800–1810 Attributed to Chokha (Indian, active 1799–1825) India (Rajasthan, Mewar) Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper; overall 12 1/4 x 16 1/8 in. (31.1 x 41 cm)

22. A Syce Holding Two Carriage Horses, mid-19th century India (Calcutta) Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 12 x 20 in. (30.5 x 50.8 cm)

23. View of a Mosque and Gateway in Motijhil Bengal, British period (1858–1947), ca. 1814–23 Attributed to Sita Ram (Indian, active 1814–23) India, Bengal Opaque watercolor on paper; painting: H. 13 in. (33 cm), W. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm)

24. Pavement School, Jaipur, 1948 Henri Cartier–Bresson (French, 1908–2004) India Gelatin silver print; 13 7/16 x 8 7/8 in. (34.2 x 22.6 cm)

25. Chess Players, Banaras Floods, 1967, printed Raghubir Singh (Indian, 1942–1999) Chromogenic print; 10 x 14 7/8 in. (25.4 x 37.8 cm)

26. 19.6 Subodh Gupta, Silk Route, 2007

27. Japan Early Japanese History and Culture
Capital from Nara to Kyoto
Shift from Buddhism to Shintoism
Japanese writing system, literature
Poetry
Theater (Noh plays)
Murasaki’s novel Tale of Genji
Shonagon’s pillow-book

28. Japan The Period of Feudal Rule
Kakamura (1185)
Samurai-dokoro, Shogun
Control of samurai
Rise of the warrior class
Age of the Warring States ( )
Daimyo vs. Shogun
Introduction of firearms

29. Japan The Period of Feudal Rule
Landscapes, portraits, and narrative scrolls
The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano
Homage to Japanese landscape
The Sage Kuya Invoking the Amida Buddha
Realism
Attempt to render speech

30. 19.20 The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano: Kumano Mandala, ca. 1300

31. Rule of the Tokugawa family (1543-1868)
Japan The Edo Period
Rule of the Tokugawa family ( )
Japanese versions of landscapes
Gentler colors, heightened abstraction
Hasegawa Tohaku ( )
Woodblock art
Hokusai Katsushika ( )

32. 19.22 Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late 16th century

33. 19.23 Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave Off Kanagawa, c. 1831
19.23 Hokusai Katsushika, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, Japan, Togukawa period, c Polychrome woodblock print, 973⁄4˝ x 1453⁄4˝ (25.5 x 37.1 cm). Private collection/© Art Resource, NY

34. Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman
Japan The Edo Period
Basho’s Haiku
Buddhist, Zen Buddhist reflections
Crucial detail of landscapes
Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman
Overt eroticism, tales of homosexuality
Monzaemon, The Love Suicide at Amijima
Kabuki drama

35. Modern Japan: The Meiji
Commodore Perry, trade with America
Mitsuhito’s “Enlightened Government”
Radical program of reform
Strong central government
Military program
Industrialization

36. Japan Contemporary Japanese Arts
Akira Kurosawa (Japan)
Rashomon (1950), Seven Samurai (1954), Kagemusha (1980), Throne of Blood (1957), Ran (1985)
Hybridity in the Visual Arts
Godzilla: King of the Monsters!
Takashi Murakami (b. 1962)
Pop art

37. Chapter Nineteen: Discussion Questions
To what extent did religious and cultural tolerance of the Moghal empire affect the arts of the period? Explain, citing specific examples. What was the effect of a loss of tolerance?
What were the positive effects of China’s resistance to Western cultural influences? How did the country’s isolation ultimately serve to undo it political and social stability? Explain.
What was the function of art in Communist China? Explain.
What was the result of outside influence into Japanese culture during the Period of Feudal Rule and beyond into the Meiji? Consider the far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) of this influence to the people and culture of Japan.

38. China The Song Dynasty Instituted civil-service examinations
Meritocracy
Ability and education important
Created printing with moveable type
Magnetic compasses
Song Dynasty Art
Fan Kuan (ca )
Monumental style
Zhou Jichang

39. 19.7 Travelers Among Mountains and Streams, ca. 1000

40. China The Ming Dynasty Political, economic stability
Cultural enrichment
Confucianism
New literary genres
Huaben
Novels
Stage plays

41. Painted ceramicware, “China” Lacquerware
China The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Landscape paintings
Human form in natural setting
Artistic attitudes
“change within tradition”
No distinctions between major art forms
Painted ceramicware, “China”
Lacquerware

42. 19.10 Lacquerware table with drawers, ca. 1426-1435

43. Architecture tied to Confucianism Kublai Khan (c. 1216-1294)
China The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Architecture tied to Confucianism
Kublai Khan (c )
Marco Polo (c )
The Forbidden City
South vs. North
Traditional symbolic values

44. 19.12 Hall of Supreme Harmony, The Forbidden City, Beijing, China

45. China The Qing Dynasty Kangxi (1654-1722) Qing Dynasty Literature
Synthesized local, central administration
Introduced Western arts, education
Jesuit missionaries
Qing Dynasty Literature
300 Tang Poems
Qing Dynasty Art
Further developed porcelain ceramics
Shitao ( )

46. 19.13 Thousand Flowers vase, 1736-1795

47. 19.14 Shitao,“River-bank of Peach Blossoms,” ca. 1700

48. The Qing Dynasty: China and the Western Powers
Western Trade and Chinese Independence
Opium War ( )
Internal rebellions weakened gov’t
Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
The Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
Republican Revolution
Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung

49. “Women Hold Up Half of Heaven and, Cutting Through Mountains and Rivers, Change to a New Attitude,” 1970
19.15 Women Hold up Half of Heaven and, Cutting through Mountains and Rivers, Change to a New Attitude, a propaganda poster from the Chinese Cultural Revolution of (Image
© Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library)

50. China Today 21st century economic powerhouse
Hybrid communist/capitalist system
Some artists restricted and have lost privileges
Zhang Xiogang (b. 1958)
Luo Brothers
Boomtowns for contemporary architecture
Oriental Pearl Broadcasting Tower
Jin Mao Tower

51. 19.17 Luo Brothers, Welcome The World Famous Brand, 2000

52. 19.18 Oriental Pearl Broadcasting Tower (left) and Jin Mao Tower (right)