UNIT 15: ANIMAL KINGDOM

What characteristics are common to all animals?  Eukaryotic cells  NO cell wall  Multicellular  Cell specialization  Heterotrophic  Reproduction/Development

Categories of Animals  Invertebrates: 95%; animals without backbones  Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, & insects  Vertebrates: 5%; animals with backbones  Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

7 Functions Animals Carry Out 1.Feeding 2.Respiration 3.Circulation 4.Excretion 5.Response 6.Movement 7.Reproduction

Animals are heterotrophs:  Meaning they must get their nutrient from other organism.

Types of Feeders Type of FeederDescription HerbivoreFeeds on plants. CarnivoreFeeds on other animals. Filter feederAquatic; strain tiny floating organisms from the water. DetritivoresFeeds on decaying plant and animal material.

All About Animals  What does an animal do when it respires?  They take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.  What does the excretory system of most animals do?  Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.  Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.

 Motile: ability to move.  What enables motile animals to move around? Muscular contractions, usually in combination with support of the skeletal system.  Sessile: Does not Move  Why do sessile animals need musculature? Muscles help sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.

 What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? Sexual Reproduction  How? by improving species’ ability to evolve when the environment changes therefore increasing their chance of survival.  What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?  It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly therefore increasing their chance of survival.

Early Development of Animals  What is another name for a fertilized egg?  Zygote  What does a zygote form after it undergoes a series of divisions?  Blastula  Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to tail.  Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to mouth.

So… how do humans develop, huh???  Sperm fertilizes an egg  zygote.  Zygote undergoes cleavage. Mitotic cell division and cytokinesis, but NO cell growth

Development  Zygote  Cleavage  Blastula  (hollow space inside = Blastocoel)

Development  Zygote  Cleavage  Blastula  Gastrula Gastrulation

Germ Layer Location Develops into Endoderm Innermost layer Digestive System MesodermMiddle layer Muscular System Ectoderm Outermost layer Nervous System 3 Germ Layers (Triploblastic)

Body Symmetry  Radial Symmetry: body parts repeat around center. Examples: starfish, sand dollar, sea anemone Ex: Sea Anemone

Body Symmetry  Bilateral Symmetry  A single plane divides that body into two equal halves. Example; humans, dogs, cats  Which one has cephalization? THIS GUY!!! Cephalization is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end of the body Ex: Lobster

Animal Symmetry  Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:  Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side.  Right and Left side.  Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends.  Cephalization: the development of a head.

 Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm.  You will hear words like… Acoelomate: lacking a body cavity. Pseudocoelomate: a false body cavity. Coelomate: true body cavity.

Symmetry Worksheet

2 3 4 Embryonic Development 3 Germ Layers (Triploblastic): -Ectoderm = Nervous System -Endoderm = Digestive System -Mesoderm = Muscular System