Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Young Adulthood Personality and Sociocultural Development Chapter 13 13

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Young Adulthood Personality and Sociocultural Development Self, Family, and Work Forming Close Relationships The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development The Occupational Cycle Work and Gender

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self, Family, and Work Self, family, and work are separate but interacting systems that represent various aspects of the self Theoretical conceptions of the self: –Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs –Carl Rogers’ Unconditional Positive Regard –Modern perspectives emphasize identity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Domains of Self

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SOURCE: From Motivation and personality (3rd ed. ), by A. H. Maslow, R. D. Frager and J. Fadiman (Eds.), copyright ｩ Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self as Family Member Achieving independence from parents is an important aspect of identity development in early adulthood Establishment of new family relationships is important for adult development 90% of young adults say that their family roles and responsibilities are the most important components of who they are

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Self as Worker Work provides an important context in identity development Extrinsic factors are important when jobs involve boring work Intrinsic factors are the focus when work is meaningful Workers whose jobs emphasize intrinsic factors report more job satisfaction

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivations Toward Work

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forming Close Relationships Adult Friendships Couple Formation and Development Marriage Cohabitation Gay and Lesbian Couples Staying Single

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forming Close Relationships Friendships are a core aspect of adult life Adult friends that last involve reciprocity and mutuality Most people pair off romantically in young adulthood Erikson: “coupling” is the essential task of young adulthood –Sternberg’s theory of love consists of three components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Source: Adapted by Feldman. 1998, from” A Triangular Theory of Love.” by R. J. Sternberg, 1986, Phsycological Review, 93, pp. 119–135.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Kinds of Love Based on Sternberg’s Triangular Theory

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forming Close Relationships Choosing a Romantic Partner –Stimulus-value-role theory: mate selection is motivated by each partner’s attempt to get the best possible “deal” –Is the relationship worthwhile? Three stages help one decide: Stimulus stage – meet and make initial judgments Value-comparison – are they compatible? Role stage – can they function in compatible roles in a marriage or other long-term relationship?

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Marriage and Cohabitation Over 90% of U.S. men and women will marry at some point Worldwide, courtship and marriage customs are defined by culture U.S. couples are marrying later today than they did in previous decades More U.S. couples are deciding to cohabit before or instead of marriage; only 1/3 marry their cohabitation partner Gay and lesbian couples cannot legally marry in most states

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Marital Status, Young Men and Women in the United States, 2007 Source: From Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2009, by the U.S. Census Bureau, Washiington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Living Arrangements of Young Adults in United States, 2007 Source: From Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2009, by the U.S. Census Bureau, Washiington, DC: Author.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development The Family Life Cycle consists of seven major life events, though not all adults experience all of the events

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development The first child changes the direction of family life irrevocably Fathers and mothers display different reactions to their children Social support, marital happiness, and parental self- esteem are factors in a couple’s adjustment to the first child

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects of the Transition to Parenthood

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip A woman describes how she balances work, family, and graduate school:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Family Life Cycle Coping with Children's Developmental Stages –Demands on parents vary at each period of the family life cycle –Not all parents adjust well to each stage –Parents often renegotiate their own relationship as they deal with developmental demands of children –Family structure needs to be flexible enough to adapt to children and parental needs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stages of Parenthood

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Family Life Cycle Single Parenthood –Pressures of parenthood acute for single parents –In 2007, 29% of all U.S. families were maintained by a single parent, 25% by a single mother, and 4% by a single father. –Single mother households twice as likely has single father households to be in poverty –Welfare reform (PRWORA, 1996) led to some problems for single parents

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip NBC Nightly News excerpt on challenges posed by absent fathers:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Occupational Cycle Every worker’s occupational cycle is unique and filled with events and decisions Today most people have several different jobs and may change jobs in midcareer Jobs are increasingly technical Havighurst developed a model of career work cycles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Havighurst’s Developmental Model of the Traditional One-Career Work Cycle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Work Cycle Gaining a Place in the Workforce –formal and informal training –The reality shock sets in when young people start working –Mentors are important for career development –For most young adults, midcareer is a time of consolidation –Climbing the corporate ladder is not as easy as may be anticipated

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Work Cycle Careers and Career Choices –Career counseling helps people select jobs that are a good match –Holland categorized career-related personality types and jobs according to personal characteristics required –Although jobs and people are more complex than Holland’s model, it is proven that people work best in jobs that match their interests and personalities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Holland’s Theory of Careers

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Work and Gender Since 1970s, women’s entry into the workforce has been increasing steadily In the last 25 years, women have made huge advances in professional fields like medicine, science, and law A large percentage of women are still limited to lower-paying jobs Women earn, on average, 78 cents for every dollar a man earns –Black women earn even less, on average

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Clip Debate on whether the military’s don’t ask, don’t tell policy should be repealed: 20/am.costello.dadt.cnn?iref=videosearch

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Work and Gender Women who work in careers are happier and have higher self-esteem than women who are unemployed, working part-time, or working in low-paying jobs The increase of women in the workforce has produced an increase in dual-earner incomes Women who work still do more of the housework and child-rearing tasks than do men Dual-earner families have to deal with the stress of juggling work and family roles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Young adulthood is a time when most people are involved with a career, finding a romantic partner, and building a family Modern perspectives on the self focus on identity. Although identity may change in response to circumstances, a balanced integrative identity is the most healthy Work and separation from parents are important contexts of personality and social development Erik Erikson emphasized the importance of establishing an intimate relationship at this stage, the stage of intimacy versus isolation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Over 90% of U.S. men and women will marry at some point; many cohabit before marriage Gays and lesbians generally cannot marry, though they may in some places be able to adopt children Parenthood involves new roles and responsibilities, and is a time of great transition for young adults Single-parents have many challenges. Today, most people will have several different jobs and career changes in their lives

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Women still make less than men and often take more flexible approaches to their careers in order to take care of their families Career-oriented women tend to be happier and have better self-esteem than women who are unemployed or have low-paying jobs Stress in dual-earner families is common, especially in the area of finding quality child care