Implied Implied – indicated or suggested Stated Stated –declared specifically or definitely CAUSE Effect.

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Presentation transcript:

Implied Implied – indicated or suggested Stated Stated –declared specifically or definitely CAUSE Effect

key words signaling words guiding words!!! Have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!! STATED As a result of his mother allowing him to watch violence on TV and listen to it in songs, Peter has resulted to a life of crime!

Signal Words Stated Stated Because The reason for On account of Bring about Give rise to Created by Contributed by Led to Due to Since As a result Outcome Finally Consequently Therefore For this reason Hence Effect Then So cause effect

key words signaling wordsguiding words!!! Do not have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!! Are you implying I look like that goofball beside me?

Established methods to distinguish between factual claims and opinions  Specific occurrences:  Specific occurrences: Examples or illustrations of events or conditions that show the fact to be true.  Statistics:  Statistics: Numerical expressions reporting data in a factual manner. Data may be reported in raw numbers, percentages, medians, etc. It is the responsibility of the communicator to report statistics accurately and objectively.  Exhibits:  Exhibits: Includes visual or auditory evidence: recordings, pictures, artifacts  Presumptions:  Presumptions: Predictions based on uniform patterns of past experiences so probable as to be accepted without question. ( The sun will rise tomorrow.)  Anecdotes:  Anecdotes: a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident FACTS

LOGICAL FALLACIES Appeal to Fear Personal Attack {Ad hominem} FALSE DILEMMA False Analogy SLIPPERY SLOPE NON SEQUITUR false authority

LOGICAL FALLACIES false authority using a biased, suspicious, or incredible source to defend a conclusion. False Authority I’m a Dr.

LOGICAL FALLACIES person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence when attacking another person's claim or claims Personal Attack {Ad hominem} Fallacy: Personal Attack

LOGICAL FALLACIES Using scare tactics Appeal to Fear Fallacy: Appeal to Fear No matter what part of the nation you live in, gun control is no control No matter what part of the nation you live in, gun control is no control.

LOGICAL FALLACIES FALSE DILEMMA Fallacy: False Dilemma Black or White Thinking, uninformed reasoning…no gray area My dad’s a boy, he dresses himself. I’m a boy, so I should dress myself !

LOGICAL FALLACIES event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question SLIPPERY SLOPE Fallacy: Slippery Slope

LOGICAL FALLACIES an elaborate comparison of two things that are too dissimilar False Analogy Analogy

LOGICAL FALLACIES in formal logic, is an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises NON SEQUITUR