Regional Gliding School l As the lift producing airfoil passes through the air, the air rolls up and back towards each wing tip producing two distinct counter rotating vortices, one trailing each wing tip. The intensity of the turbulence within these vortices is directly proportional to its weight and inversely proportional to its wingspan and speed of the airplane.

Regional Gliding School l The heavier and slower the airplane the greater intensity of air circulation in the vortex cores. The most violent vortices are generated during take-off and landing.

Regional Gliding School l In Cold air the vortices can be expected to be more severe.

Regional Gliding School l The greatest vortex strength occurs under conditions of clean configuration, high weight and slow speed.

Regional Gliding School ¶ Configuration of the airplane · Flaps ¸ Undercarriage ¹ Location of engine º Tail Configuration

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Regional Gliding School Airmanship Wake Turbulence A B C D Flaps Undercarriage Tail configuration All the above Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #1 - What factors effect vortex strength?

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Regional Gliding School A B C D High altitude In the circuit Take off and landing Taxiing Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #2 - When does the greatest intensity of wake turbulence occur? Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School l Vertical gusts encountered when crossing laterally through the vortex can impose structural loads as high as 10 gs on a small airplane. The combination of upward and downward gusts has been estimated as high as 80’/sec. Most small airplanes are designed to handle 30’/sec

Regional Gliding School l There is a possibility of structural failure when an aircraft crosses a pair of vortices. The strong up and down forces combined and the pilot’s attempt to counteract them will result in loss of control and airframe design limits being exceeded.

Regional Gliding School l Vortex generation starts at rotation (the raising of the nose from the runway) and increases in intensity at lift off when the full weight of the aircraft is sustained by the wings. l It ends when the airplane touches down.

Regional Gliding School l Vortices may trail as far as 10 to 16 miles depending on the airspeed of the aircraft. l Wake turbulence usually dissipates after two minutes. But can remain as long as five minutes.

Regional Gliding School l Vortices tend to move laterally outward over the ground at a speed of about 5 knots. This means that the vortices may position themselves parallel to the runway and constitute a hazard to aircraft operating in that area. Crosswind effects wake turbulence. The stronger the cross wind, the more vortices get blown to the side.

Regional Gliding School NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

Regional Gliding School Airmanship Wake Turbulence A B C D As high as 10 g As low as 10 g Approximately 30 N Approximately 20 N Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #3 - What amount of force can be expected passing through a vortice?

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Regional Gliding School A B C D Increased intensity Increased diameter Decreased intensity Blown to side Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #4 - What effect does crosswind have on vortices? Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School l During Flight Although wake turbulence is most likely to be encountered during arrival and departure, it can be a hazard at cruising altitudes as well. Avoid crossing behind and less than 1000’ below the flight path of large, heavy aircraft especially at low altitudes.

Regional Gliding School l During Taxi Stay well behind large aircraft that are taxiing or maneuvering on the ground. As well, avoid going behind aircraft doing a run-up. Avoid taxiing below a hovering helicopter (the down wash is significant and hazardous).

Regional Gliding School l During Take-off Stay up wind of a large airplane. This action and normal climb should keep you above the descending vortices of the preceding airplane. When following an aircraft that has just landed plan to be airborne beyond the point of touchdown of that aircraft. For an intersecting runway, plan to be airborne before you cross the intersection.

Regional Gliding School l During Landing When following a heavier aircraft that has just taken off, plan to touch down before the rotation point. When following an aircraft that has just landed plan to touch down beyond the point where the preceding aircraft touched down.

Regional Gliding School l Above All Avoid a long dragged in approach. The largest number of dangerous encounters with wake turbulence has been in the last half mile of approach.

Regional Gliding School l ATC cannot guarantee that wake turbulence will not be encountered. When the ATC advises, “CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE”, he is warning you of the possible existence of wake turbulence.

Regional Gliding School l It is the sole responsibility of the pilot in command (PIC). Even though you have received a clearance to land or take-off, if you believe it is safer to wait then ask the controller to do so.

Regional Gliding School NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

Regional Gliding School A B C D No Effect Hazardous None of the above Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #5 - What are the dangers of vortices during flight? Little effect Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School A B C D ATC PIC FSS Both A and B Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #6 - Who has the responsibility to avoid wake turbulence? Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School l Hypoxia A lack of sufficient oxygen in the body cells or tissues. The Canadian Aviation Regulations rule that when flying, by day, over 10,000 feet to 13,000 feet for more than 30 minutes or above 13,000 feet, you must carry a supply of oxygen of at least 2 hours for every crew member.

Regional Gliding School l Blood Donation It is recommended waiting 48 hours before flying after blood donation.

Regional Gliding School l Alcohol The rule for both pilot and passenger in relation to alcohol quite simply should be “No alcohol in the system when you fly”. Canadian Aviation Regulation require that a pilot allow at least 8 hours between the consumption of alcohol and flying and 48 hours after excessive drinking.

Regional Gliding School l Drugs Do not self-medicate. Drugs, as well as the conditions for which they are taken, can interfere with the efficiency of the pilot and can be extremely dangerous.

Regional Gliding School NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

Regional Gliding School A B C D 24 hours 48 hours Must see Flight Surgeon Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #7 - How long should you wait to fly after donating blood? 72 hours Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School A B C D 48 hours 24 hours 12 hours 8 hours Let's try a few review questions on Airmanship: Question #8 - How long must you wait before flying after drinking socially? Airmanship Wake Turbulence

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Regional Gliding School Congratulations!! You have now completed the Airmanship Module of the Flying Scholarship Program. Of course, this module is always available to you for future reference if required. You are now ready to move along to the next module you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam. Good Luck! Airmanship Wake Turbulence