Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

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Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

The force that pushes or pulls a plane forward through the air. Propellers, jet engines, tailwinds, and other outside sources – even catapults! – can provide needed thrust. Thrust

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

Forces of Flight What is the resultant force? Force 1 (465 N)Force 2 (465 N) Resultant is zero When opposing forces have the same magnitude and opposite directions, the resultant is zero and the object is in static equilibrium.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

When the airspeed is low, the AOA must be relatively high if the balance between lift and weight is to be maintained. If thrust decreases and airspeed decreases, lift becomes less than weight and the aircraft starts to descend. Thrust

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

To maintain level flight, the pilot can increase the AOA an amount which will generate a lift force again equal to the weight of the aircraft. While the aircraft will be flying more slowly, it will still maintain level flight if the pilot has properly coordinated thrust and AOA. Thrust

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) What is thrust and how can it be generated? 2) What occurs when the resultant force is stable or zero? 3) What has the AOA have to be when airspeed is low in order to maintain straight and level flight? 4) As the pilot generates more airspeed what should the pilot do to maintain straight and level flight with respect to AOA? 5) If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would do what ? Warm-Up – 10/9 – 10 minutes

With the aircraft in a nose-high attitude, there is a vertical component of thrust that helps support it. During straight-and-level flight when thrust is increased and the airspeed increases, the AOA must be decreased in level flight. If the AOA were not coordinated (decreased) with an increase of thrust, the aircraft would climb. Thrust

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 October 9  1890 — The first full-sized manned airplane to leave the ground under its own power is Frenchman Clement Ader's steam- powered, propeller-driven aircraft. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 October 9  1900 — French Aeronaut Count Henri de La Vaulx sets a world record for non-stop long-distance balloon flight.  He flies for over 35 hours and 1200 miles after taking off from Paris, France and arriving in Russia. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 October 9  1918 — More than 250 bombers and 100 pursuit planes attack enemy forces in France. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

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SUNDAYMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAY 1 Chapter 3 Lift Theories Wingtip Vortices 23 Chapter 3 Test Flight Simulator Syllabus Chapter 4 Forces of Flight 89 Chapter 4 Forces of Flight 1011 Chapter 4 Quiz FltLine Friday Flight Simulator Chapter Chapter Chapter 4 Quiz 1 st Quarter Grades October 2013

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Chapter 4 – Aerodynamics of Flight FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

 Mission:  Identify in writing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight.  Describe how the forces of flight work and how to control them with the use of power and flight controls essential to flight.  Describe the aerodynamics of flight.  Describe in writing how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers.  EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly. Today’s Mission Requirements

Types of Drag

Determine whether an airplane rises or falls through the air: Thrust Drag Lift Gravity (Weight) Four Forces of Flight Thrust Lift Drag Weight

The force that resists forward motion and acts against thrust. Two types are: Parasite Drag Induced Drag Drag

Parasite drag is comprised of all the forces that work to slow an aircraft’s movement. Drag that is not associated with the production of lift. This includes the displacement of the air by the aircraft, turbulence generated in the airstream, or a hindrance of air moving over the surface of the aircraft and airfoil. There are three types of parasite drag: form drag, interference drag, and skin friction. Drag

Form drag is the portion of parasite drag generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it. Examples include the engine cowlings, antennas, and the aerodynamic shape of other components. Form Drag

Interference drag comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow. For example, the intersection of the wing and the fuselage at the wing root has significant interference drag. Interference Drag

Skin friction drag is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft. The area between the wing and the free-stream velocity level is about as wide as a playing card and is called the boundary layer. Skin Friction Drag

The boundary layer gives any object an “effective” shape that is usually slightly different from the physical shape. The boundary layer may also separate from the body, thus creating an effective shape much different from the physical shape of the object. Skin Friction Drag

This change in the physical shape of the boundary layer causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag. When this happens, the airfoil has stalled. Skin Friction Drag

Induced Drag The high-pressure area on the bottom of an airfoil pushes around the tip to the low-pressure area on the top. This action creates a rotating flow called a tip vortex

These vortices circulate counterclockwise about the right tip and clockwise about the left tip. Induced Drag

As AOA increases, induced drag increases proportionally. The lower the airspeed the greater the AOA required to produce lift equal to the aircraft’s weight, the greater induced drag. Induced Drag

As airspeed decreases to near the stalling speed, the total drag becomes greater, due mainly to the sharp rise in induced drag. Induced Drag

A Third Dimension The vortex flows behind the airfoil creating a downwash that extends back to the trailing edge of the airfoil. This downwash results in an overall reduction in lift for the affected portion of the airfoil.

Questions / Comments

 Mission:  Identify in writing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight.  Describe how the forces of light work and how to control them with the use of power and flight controls essential to flight.  Describe the aerodynamics of flight.  Describe in writing how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight manuevers.  EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly. Today’s Mission Requirements

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