Objectives To understand the basic techniques of photography. To compare traditional film and digital cameras and photography. To analyze the various equipment which can enhance photography. To create a quality photograph using basic rules and technology. To discuss the impact of photography in publications.

Chapter Links The Camera Film vs. Digital Equipment, Accessories & Necessities What Makes a Good Photograph Photography in Publications

History of the Camera Ancient Times: Primitive camera formed images on walls in darkened rooms 16th century: Camera was improved by inserting a telescope lens 1727: Professor J. Schulze mixed chalk, nitric acid and sliver to accidentally create the first photo-sensitive compound 1834: Henry Fox Talbot created negatives 1888: First Kodak® camera containing a 20-foot roll of paper 1889: Improved Kodak® camera with roll of film instead of paper

History of the Camera 1924: First high quality 35mm film camera released 1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid® 1983: Kodak® introduced disk camera 1985: Minolta® marketed the world’s first auto focus SLR camera 1990: Adobe® Photoshop® released

History of the Camera 1991: Kodak® DCS-100, first digital SLR 2000: Camera phone introduced in Japan by Sharp®/J-Phone® 2001: Polaroid® went bankrupt 2004: Kodak® ceased production of film cameras 2007: New digital cameras average 5.0 to 7.0 megapixels for $400

How a Camera Works A camera is made of three basic elements: an optical element (the lens) a storage element (the film or memory card) a mechanical element (the camera body)

Optical Element Is the lens uses a curved piece of glass or plastic takes the beams of light bouncing off of an object redirects the light so they come together to form a real image

Storage Element Film is used in a traditional camera makes a chemical record of the pattern of light Memory card is used in a digital camera makes digital images made up of tiny square of light called pixels

Mechanical Element Provides complete darkness necessary for film to capture the image until it is time to take the picture To record an image light must be let in Allows a shutter to open and close between the lens and storage element when the shutter release is pressed Light reflected from the image enters through the lens and reacts with the chemicals on the film or the memory card sensor to create a permanent image

Camera Diagram

Types of Cameras Compact or Viewfinder Prosumer Professional single use ultra compact point and shoot Prosumer Professional Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Twin Lens Reflex (TLR)

Single Use Film & Digital Cameras Compact Light weight Point and shoot only No creative control Some have built in flash Turn entire camera in for processing Inexpensive Widely available

Ultra Compact Digital Cameras Lightweight Easy to use Convenient to carry Few controls and features Buttons and dials are small though usually work well Moderate to high priced

Compact Film Cameras Most common Easiest to use Offer point and shoot convenience Automatic flash usually built in Single, non-interchangeable lens Film speed rating is automatically detected All settings automatic Most produce very good results Very low cost Minimal input from user

Compact Digital Cameras Lightweight Easy to use Great for point and shoot Offer plenty of scene modes Some have semi-automatic and manual controls All but the cheapest offer very good image quality Low to moderately priced depending on the following: features number of megapixels

Prosumer Cameras Step above the point and shoot camera Through-the-lens (TTL) focusing One of the fastest growing categories of cameras Appeal to budget conscious semi-serious photographers Most have a zoom lens

Prosumer Digital Cameras 5.0 to 6.0 megapixels Higher resolution is combined with more advanced features such as high quality lenses Advanced features for creative control Accept accessories and add-ons including: converter lenses filters remote controls external flashes Moderate to high priced

How It Works Light enters the viewfinder directly to allow the photographer to frame and compose the picture

Parallax Error With a point and shoot and prosumer cameras, the photograph is taken through the main lens However the view from the lens and the viewfinder is slightly different, this is called parallax error

Professional Cameras Cost between $1,500 and $8,000 Based on SLR design Resolution 6.0 – 12.0 megapixels Advanced creative controls

Single Lens Reflex Cameras Light path is directed from the lens through a mirror and prism Same image is projected onto the storage device during exposure Offers the greatest accuracy when focusing and composing a scene

SLR Cameras “Single Lens” refers to the fact that a single lens is used to both view and photograph your subject “Reflex” refers to the mechanical operation of the camera during exposure Light from the lens is immediately reflected upward, through a prism, and then out the viewfinder for the photographer to see

SLR Cameras When the shutter is released, the mirror momentarily moves up and out of the light’s path in a reflex action Light can be focused onto the storage device at the back of the camera During exposure, the light passes through the lens directly to the storage device without being reflected by the mirror to the viewfinder this is why the image temporarily vanishes from the viewfinder when the shutter is released

SLR Cameras The main advantage is the choice of: automatic semi-automatic completely manual control over shutter speed, aperture and focus

SLR Cameras Lens of the SLR is interchangeable Nearly unlimited choice of optional lenses with differing focal lengths, such as: wide angle telephoto fish bowl macro

SLR Cameras Have various attachment points for accessories, such as: tripod remote shutter release flash Most new models contain a small built in flash Relatively bulky size compared to compact cameras High priced

Digital SLR Cameras Top-of-the-line Outstanding optics Produce high resolution images Accept interchangeable lenses Sophisticated accessories Function automatically but also have a full range of manual controls May not come with lenses, which must be purchased separately High priced to very expensive

Twin Lens Reflex Camera Not popular today Has separate viewing and exposure lens One lens is above the other Parallax error is a problem

Twin Lens Reflex Camera Light entering the top lens is reflected up by a fixed mirror to a viewing screen Image appears reversed on the screen Eye is not looking at the image through the main lens

Assessment A camera is made up of three basic elements: optical,_______, and mechanical. To record an image, ______ must be let into the camera. When the view from the lens and viewfinder differ ________ error occurs. storage light parallax

Assessment SLR stands for ________ lens reflex. Standard Single Solitary None of the above Parallax error does not occur in SLR cameras TLR cameras Compact cameras Prosumer camers 4. B. Single 5. A. SLR Cameras

Section 2

Film A strip of material coated with chemicals When exposed to light, chemicals react and produce a defined image chemicals are particular about how much light they react to – the exposure too much light=overexposed image will be pale and washed out too little light=underexposed image will be too dark Each camera has controls to obtain the correct exposure

Film Size A camera will only accept one size of film Most common format is 35mm number represents the width of the film gives excellent results can be enlarged to about 20”x30” before the resolution, or grain, becomes to noticeable

APS APS film (Advanced Photo System) Called Advantix® by Kodak® Smaller than 35mm Photos almost as good as 35mm Cameras are generally smaller and lighter Offer additional features, such as: easier film loading selectable print formats data (time & date) encoding Printing can be more expensive Fewer labs do one-hour developing

Larger Format Film Larger formats are available produce high-quality more detailed images Cameras are large and heavy Used by professional portrait or wedding photographers

Slide vs Print Film Print Film also called negative film records a negative image (inverse, complementary colors) most popular choice more forgiving (less particular about exposure) resulting prints are easier to: store view show cheaper to enlarge More than 90% of the film sold worldwide is for color prints

Slide vs Print Film Slide Film Best quality enlargements For use in magazines or competitions Captures greater detail Deeper, truer colors Correct exposure is very important

Black & White Film Emphasis on contrast Far easier to develop than color Attraction is in manipulating the image in a home darkroom Famous photographer, Ansel Adams’ artistry was in the darkroom developing his prints, rather than in the field taking the shots

Film Speed Rating system developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) ISO = speed of the film Also called ASA and DIN “Speed” of a film (100, 200, 400) represents how quickly the film reacts to light

Film Speed 200 is the most popular Use a “faster” film such as 400 or 800 to avoid blur Disposable cameras contain 800 or 1000 film to avoid amateur mistakes like camera shake Use 100, 64, 50, or lower speed film for competitions or enlarging photos

Film Speed Slower film is less “grainy” Professionals generally use slow film Slow films can end up costing more due to: longer exposure need a lot of sunlight faster lenses need for a tripod “Slow” film (100) is suggested for bright days “Fast” film (400, 800) for overcast, dim days 36 exposure is more cost effective than 24

Storage Always keep film out of direct sunlight and heat Preferably in a moisture-resistant bag in a refrigerator Use “fresh” film whenever possible check the expiration date For best results, develop film as soon as possible The longer film is left, the more the image will deteriorate

Digital Cameras Take photographs by focusing light from the lens onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) converts light to electrical signals Data is projected onto a grid of pixels Each pixel is assigned a color and brightness value All the pixels taken together form the entire image

Digital Cameras Image data is stored in the following: the camera’s internal memory a memory card floppy disk computer hard drive

Digital Cameras Have a small preview (LCD) screen to view the images stored in memory Can be connected to a computer for downloading the photos to the computer’s hard drive for storage Allow for easy viewing printing posting photos to the Internet Avoid the expense and delay associated with film processing

Picture Size Number of pictures that can be taken depends on the memory capacity Several resolution settings resolution: the number of pixels per inch of the picture file Low-resolution photos take up less memory but may be too small to print or enlarge to the desired size without losing detail enlarged image can take on a “pixelated” appearance ideal for uploading to the Internet

Picture Size High-resolution photos take up more storage space extra information present in these photos produces better results when printing or enlarging Large file size of high-resolution photos make them impractical for uploading to the Internet

Pixels & Megapixels Digital cameras create images as a collection of pixels One megapixel = one million pixels

Pixels Tiny, tile-like squares digitally assigned with various colors and amount of light Digital images are made up of thousands of pixels More pixels = higher image resolution High Resolution Low Resolution

Resolution Resolution relates primarily to: print size amount of detail an image has when viewed on a computer monitor at 100% Also referred to as DPI – dots per inch Higher DPI = higher quality For professional printing, resolution must be 300 dpi or higher

LCD Monitor Screen on the back of a digital camera Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Used to frame shots instead of using the viewfinder Also used to preview images right after they are taken view menus and settings review recorded images when the camera is in play mode

LCD Monitor Displays 100% view of a framed shot Does not display complete color accuracy May be difficult to view in bright light Consumes a lot of battery power

File Formats There are three types of digital camera file formats: JPEG – most common TIFF RAW Higher-end digital cameras allow you to select the format Professional photographers usually prefer to shoot RAW Advanced cameras have a setting to simultaneously shoot RAW + JPEG both formats will be saved to a memory card as separate files

Assessment Film is a strip of material coated with light sensitive _______. plastic glass chemicals none of the above Print film is also called ______ film. A. slide B. negative C. color D. black & white C B.

Assessment The speed of film indicates how fast it reacts to ________. Film speed is represented by a number can be referred to as ISO ASA DIN All of the above Digital cameras convert light to _______ signals. One megapixel = _______ pixels 3. light D. 1 million electronic

Section 3

Photography Equipment Camera Lenses Filters Caps & Straps Cases Flash Film or Memory Card Batteries Tripod Voice recorder, notepad or journal

Cameras “Compact” or “point-and-shoot” automatic camera makes photography very easy small and simple to operate SLR – Single-Lens Reflex better image quality ability to change lenses according to situation manual control over focus, aperture and shutter-speeds increased flexibility and control

Lenses Fixed focal length lens lens does not change at all only way to get a close up shot is to move closer to the subject get too close, subject’s features become distorted found mainly on point-and-shoot cameras

Optical vs Digital Zoom Lens Optical zoom true zoom focal length actually extends and retracts image is magnified by the lens itself produces the best quality images used to magnify an image 3x, 4x, 10x and more Buy a camera with the longest optical zoom affordable Very long zooms are prone to camera shake, particularly in low light use a tripod

Optical vs Digital Zoom Lens not a true zoom simulated zoom that enlarges the central portion of an image actual length of the lens does not change pre-crops the center area of an image resolution is reduced, giving the appearance of zooming in similar to cropping with photo editing software Original Using a digital zoom

Interchangeable & Converter Lenses Single Lens Reflex cameras accept a wide range of interchangeable lenses Lenses are measure in focal lengths usually specified in millimeters (mm)

Focal Lengths of Lenses Lens Focal Length* Lens Name Typical Photography Less than 21 mm Extreme Wide Angle Architecture 21-35 mm Wide Angle Landscape 35-70 mm Normal Street & Documentary 70-135 mm Medium Telephoto Portraiture 135-300+ mm Telephoto Sports, Bird & Wildlife

Filters Are transparent or translucent glass elements that are attached to the front of the lens Protect a camera lens Change the characteristics of light entering it Add special effects and colors to an image

Caps & Straps Lens caps Straps protect lenses with front and rear lens caps add a UV or skylight filter to each lens to serve as extra protection NEVER touch either end of the lens unless cleaning with appropriate materials Straps useful for carrying the camera keeps your hands free while keeping the camera ready for action

Camera Cases Carry all parts and small accessories Need to be well padded Adjustable compartments and pockets are very useful Shoulder bags are popular weight on one side all day can get uncomfortable Backpack frees up both hands makes is easier to travel distributes weight evenly

Flash Are useful for: Most cameras include a built-in flash brightening people’s faces on overcast days indoor shots enhancing color creating unique lighting effects Most cameras include a built-in flash Hand-held flash brightens dark areas while the shutter remains open Many museums prohibit flash units because they can damage the exhibits

Hot Shoe Slotted bracket generally located on the top of a camera Also known as an accessory shoe Allows an external flash or other device to be connected to a camera

Hot Shoe & Flash When an external flash is inserted into the hot shoe the following occurs: 1. electrical contacts touch the contacts on the foot of the flash 2. when the shutter-release button is pressed, the flash goes off in sync with the shutter 3. primarily found on prosumer and SLR cameras

Film or Memory Card Storage Carry extra film or memory cards Store in protective cases Keep out of heat and direct sunlight

Memory Cards As a rule of thumb, the following size is a recommended minimum: Camera Megapixels Minimum Card Size 3 128 MB 4 256 MB 5 512 MB 6 1 GB 8 2 GB

Memory Card Care No moisture, dust or other harmful elements Static electricity may cause loss of data Do not touch contacts on the edge Face card in correct direction before inserting into camera or card reader Do not force into slot Turn off camera before inserting or removing Store in case while not in use

Batteries Buy correct type of batteries Some cameras may use manufacturer’s batteries only Carry extra batteries for the following: camera flash voice recorder Rechargeable batteries charge before leaving carry charger for emergencies Keep batteries in dry, cool environment Do not leave batteries in camera for extended lengths of time Batteries could corrode and ruin the camera

Camera Support Essential for steady, top-quality shots Various types include: tri-pod mono-pod mini-tripod window mount suction cup mounts Avoid camera movement by using one of the following: cable release self-timer feature

Recording devices Voice recorder, notepad, journal and pen are useful for remembering good locations details about your subjects camera settings for individual shots

Camera Care Cameras do not respond well to the following: dirt sand vibration being dropped Protect your investment with regular attention

Camera Care Dirty lenses or filters produce low-contrast images and washed out colors Keep equipment clean with the following: soft lint-free cloth special dust-free tissues lens-cleaning fluid blower bush A small screwdriver can tighten up any screws which come loose

Camera Care Use a good padded case and strap Always replace the lens caps when you remove a lens Clean the lenses regularly Add a UV or skylight filter to every lens Clean auto focus, exposure and viewfinder windows for correct operation Use a can of compressed air to blow dust and lint out of camera parts

Traveling With a Camera X-ray machines hand-luggage (carry-on) scanners do not significantly affect your film or memory cards checked-luggage scanners can harm your film and memory cards Do NOT put film or memory cards in checked baggage Always take your camera and lenses as carry-on baggage Never check your equipment with suitcases to prevent: rough handling vibration cold theft

Assessment A true zoom is a(n) _________ zoom. Digital Optical ______ zoom enlarges the central part of an image Lens focal lengths are measure in Centimeters (cm) Millimeters (mm) Decameters (dm) None of the above B. A. B

Assessment Connect an external flash to a camera using the ____ _____. Add a _______ filter to the lens for extra protection. T or F: Always put camera equipment in checked baggage. 4. Hot shoe 5. UV or skylight 6. False

Section 4

What Makes a Good Photo? A photograph is a message It conveys: a statement an impression an emotion

What to Include Subject Background is the central point of interest is usually placed in the foreground of the shot (towards the viewer) Background give the subject: relevance presence location other interest

What to Exclude Anything that is not part of the subject or its context is only a disruption clutters up the image weakens the message, such as: unnecessary background objects trees that appear to be growing out of the subject’s head power lines in a landscape

What to Exclude Eliminate irrelevant surroundings by: moving closer to the subject trying a different angle zooming in using editing software, such as: Adobe® Photoshop® Adobe® Photoshop Elements® Corel® Paintshop® Microsoft® Digital Image Suite®

Theme Good photographs have a theme a universal message that is communicated by the photo Example: A picture of a mountainous landscape can convey a message of calm and peacefulness. However, a picture of a forest fire, can convey a sense of urgency and fearfulness.

What Makes a Great Photo? Human eyes instinctually find light, bright areas look for people particularly eyes and mouths

What makes a great photo? Our minds quickly ask questions, such as: Do we know the people in the picture? What are they feeling, and how does this relate to us? Are they drawing attention to something? Doe we recognize it and what does it look like? What is the picture about? What is the main subject or objective? How big is the subject?

Subject Should be obvious Is usually 2/3 and background 1/3 in certain cases proportions may be opposite in any case, attention should be focused on the subject

Scale Is determined by comparing elements to something of known size, such as: person animal car

Abstract Features Draw attention to more abstract features color or tone firey red relaxing blue natural green gloomy black shape soft curves hard edges sweeping line Manipulate color and shape by using shade and shadows

Composition Draws the eye from one element to another, investigating: unity contrast detail

Composition Common rules of composition include Rule of thirds Framing Cropping Angle Balance

Rule of Thirds When looking through your camera’s viewfinder imagine there are lines dividing the image into thirds, both horizontally and vertically essentially dividing your image into nine equal-shaped blocks like a tic-tac-toe board Frame your subject at one of the intersection points Do not place the subject in the center of the viewfinder

Framing Every photo has a foreground and a background Use them together to add an interesting element to the shot Use foreground elements to frame the photo’s subject architectural or natural elements such as: doorways arches trees The branches of the tree are “framing” the barn

Visual Cropping Crop photos visually before taking them Look into the corners of the viewfinder Are thing included that should not be? Remove, or crop, these elements from photos by: moving closer to the subject zooming in on the subject moving the subject in the viewfinder trying different angles Remove anything that will reduce the impact of the subject

Angle The best angle is not always upright and directly in front. Unique vantage points can increase interest in the photo get down to “eye” level climb a tree or stand on a stool Experiment and try different perspectives Look for angels which increase the portrayal of mood and inspiration

Balance Achieving good balance requires a combination of colors shapes areas of light and dark which complement one another

Natural Lines Use natural lines to draw the viewer’s eye to the subject, such as a path or road fence horizon bridge

Lighting One of the most important elements of a good photograph Sunlight affects the following: warmth depth texture form contrast color Biggest difference between an “amateur” and a “professional” shot

Time of Day Best times to shoot outdoors include: Called “magic hours” early morning and late afternoon sun is low light is gold and orange Called “magic hours” one hour after sunrise one to two hours before sunset

Camera Controls The two most useful controls include: Focal length (the zoom of your lens) affects how much of the view is included in the shot Depth-of-Field (the f-stop of your lens) affects how much of the foreground and background is in focus

Lenses Long lens (210mm) Short lens (35mm) allows zoom-in to your subject makes distant elements look closer together than they really are Short lens (35mm) called a wide-angle lens because it allows you to zoom-out and get a wider view exaggerates depth by combining a close foreground with a deep background Select the focal length based on the following: what should be included in the shot how you want to portray depth

Four Factors of Exposure Correct exposure is determined by four factors: aperture shutter speed film speed light level Most cameras are automatic and make these decisions for you Higher-end cameras allow you to intervene to create particular effects Understanding the relationship between these four factors increases creative advantage

Aperture Is the size of the shutter opening Diaphragm is an adjustable device inside the lens alters the size of the shutter opening Very small aperture makes both the background and foreground in focus Large aperture makes only the subject in focus Instruct student to try squinting their eyes (everything should be in focus) and then opening them wide (some things are blurry)

Depth of Field Is the area of acceptable sharp focus extends in front of and behind the point of focus For landscapes, a wide depth-of-field is used to get both in focus For portraits, emphasize the foreground and make the background blurry by using a narrow depth-of-field

Depth of Field Is affected by three things size of the aperture focal length of the lens distance to the subject in focus Aperture and lens focal length combined, create the field number or f-stop Bigger F-stop = Wider zone of focus

Shutter Speed Controls how long light is allowed to act on the film When the shutter-release is pressed the shutter opens and then closes a fraction of a second later which is measure in seconds fast shutter speed – 1/500th of a second good for action shots slow shutter speed – 1/60th of a second good for portraits, etc. allows more light

Selecting a Shutter Speed Select a shutter speed based on the size of your lens camera shake increases when the camera is zoomed in Rule of thumb shutter speed > or = length of the lens wide lens of 35mm = shutter speed of 1/60s lens zoomed to 210mm = shutter speed of 1/250s

Light Level General rule the brighter the view, the better the photograph Add light by using a flash Fill-flash usually built in to the camera “fills” in some light Use a reflective surface, such as a white card or a reflector Use a filter to reduce the amount of light if needed

Optimum Exposure Considers four factors aperture shutter speed light level film speed All four factors are interrelated When one is set, the other must be adjusted to get the right exposure

Tips for a good photograph Make sure the camera is steady Put the sun behind you and to one side Get closer Choose a format (vertical or horizontal) Include people Consider a variety of subjects Add depth Use proportion Search for details Position the horizon Try different angels Note: National Geographic uses only 1 out of every 1,000 shots taken.

Overall Composition As the artist, decide which features appeal to you and how best to emphasize them.

Assessment The central point of interest in a photograph is the _________. All good photographs have a ______ - a universal message which is communicated through the photo. The human eye instinctively finds _____, _____ areas first. subject theme light, bright

Assessment The rule of thirds divides a picture into ______ sections both horizontally and vertically. When are the “magic hours” of photography? The four factors of exposure are aperture, shutter speed, light level, and ________. 4. three one hour after sunrise and one to two hours before sunset film speed

Section 5

Photography in Communication Since 1839, photography has been used to record, report and inform Photography can: overcome the barriers of language communicate through universal visual symbols

Photography in Mass Media Today, photographs are reproduced by the billions can be found in the following: newspapers magazines books catalogs brochures shop windows posters broadcast television slideshows and filmstrips

Photography & Publications The human eye is drawn to photos before text naturally follows the flow of the photos because of shape and size Arrange photos by size and importance largest = most important

Layout Considerations for Photos When designing a layout, consider the design format use of color subject or theme Use photos to: create the theme draw attention to important details evoke desired emotions and reactions

Color or Black & White Using color or black & white photographs can add visual stimuli to publications can draw a reader’s attention should be based on the intended message and image of the publication Color is usually more expensive to print than black & white

Captions Are phrases, sentences or paragraphs which describe the contents of an illustration, chart or photograph Are usually placed directly above, below, or to the side of a picture

Good Captions Are more than just the subject’s name and what’s going on in the photograph Incorporate the five W’s: Who, What, Where, When, and Why and sometimes How Are accurate Leave the copy editors with few, if any, questions

Copyrights Before you take a photo, you may need permission for the following: buildings works of art other copyrighted items people public or private property Symbols are sometimes used to mark a copyrighted, trademarked or registered item © ™ ®

Copyrights Under U.S. law, copyright protection occurs automatically when an “original work of authorship” is “fixed in a tangible medium of expression” Example: A photograph of any subject is “original” as long as it was created by the photographer No minimal creativity is necessary to meet the originality requirement and no artistic value or beauty is required

Copyrighted Works Works of art are protected by copyright, such as: sculptures paintings clothing designs Buildings created on or after December 1, 1980, are protected Copyright owner has the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted work

Building Copyright Guidelines If the building is located in a public place or is visible from a public place no permission is needed to stand on a public street and photograph a public building no permission is needed to photograph a public building from inside the building permission may be needed to photography separately owned decorative objects in the building, such as a statue no permission is needed to stand on a public street and photograph a private building such as a church or house

Photographer’s Exception Applies only to buildings, which includes: houses office buildings churches gazebos garden pavilions Does not apply to monuments or other copyrighted works, such as statues and paintings

Art Permission may be needed to photograph a copyrighted work of art, such as: a statue in a public park a painting in a private collection or art museum Getting permission can be tricky According, to copyright law, permission is needed from the copyright owner buying a piece of art does not buy the copyright buying a piece of art does not buy the copyright – this is why you cannot make copies of photos taken by a professional photographer without their written consent

Public Domain & Fair Use Works fall into public domain for several reasons, such as expiration of the copyright term in 2007, works created before January 1, 1932 are in public domain Fair use is decided on a case-by-case basis by considering the purpose and character of the use nature of the copyrighted work amount of the piece used effect on the potential market for or value of the protected work

Publicity & Privacy Rights Permission may be needed to photograph people due to state laws giving individuals privacy and publicity rights Most states recognize that individuals have a right of privacy Right of privacy gives an individual a legal claim against someone who intrudes on the individual’s physical solitude or seclusion and against those who publicly disclose private facts

Publicity & Privacy Rights Avoid publishing or distributing any photo of an individual that reveals private facts about the individual, without permission Obtain a photographic release to include a person in a photograph

Permits Commercial photography on public property may need a permit from the appropriate government authority Usually a local or state film commission Permission is generally not required for “tourist” type photos Obey “no entry” signs Private property always requires permission to enter the premises

Photos & the Internet Copyright laws and other laws do apply to the Internet Posting a photo on the Internet exposes it to the eyes of the whole world

Assessment T or F: The human eye is drawn to photos before text. Photos should be arranged by size and ______. In publications, which is more expensive to print, color or black & white? True Importance Color

Assessment 4. Good captions A. include the five W’s B. are accurate C. leave few, if any, questions D. All of the above 5. T or F: The owner of a piece of art is also always the owner of the copyright. D. False

Sources www.photosecrets.com http://www.notrain-nogain.org/Train/Res/Write/caps.asp http://photography.families.com/blog/elements-of-a-good-photo www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/digitalphotography/learnmore/composition.mspx http://www.elijournals.com/premier/showArticle.asp?aid=5394 http://clearlyexplained.com/technology/cameras/index.html www.scphoto.com/html/types.html www.shortcourses.com/choosing/types/04.htm www.digicamhelp.com http://photo.net/history/timeline http://www.outdoorphotographer.com/content/articles/gear/digital_darkroom.shtml

Acknowledgements Project & Graphics Coordinator: Production Manager: Maggie Bigham Production Manager: Dusty Moore Executive Producer: G.W. Davis Jeff Lansdell