Classification (taxonomy)

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Presentation transcript:

Classification (taxonomy) EQ: What are the methods used to reveal phylogeny?

Early Systems of Classification Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist (1707 – 1778) First formal system of taxonomic organization Classification system based on observational studies of morphology and behavior Linnaeus’ method of naming organisms, is still used today: - binomial nomenclature (Latin)

Phylum [Division - plants only] Taxonomic Categories Taxonomy: the discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships. Kingdom Phylum [Division - plants only] Class Order Family Genus Species

Mneumonic Devices King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti (To help you remember the order...use the first letter of each word and make a sentence.) King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

One of these things is not like the other…

A panther's taxonomic categories...

Phylogenetic Trees Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a group of organisms Represented using a phylogenetic tree, which is a diagram representing common ancestors and lines of descent of an organism. Each branching point is a divergence from a common ancestor. Classifies organisms into major taxa (groups)

Phylogenetic Trees Derived characters: newer individual characteristics Ancestral characters: characteristics shared by the ancestor and the more recently derived organisms Character state x is a shared-derived character for AB Character state y is a shared-derived character for ABC Character state y is a shared-ancestral character for AB

The following information can be determined: Which groups are most closely related? Which groups are least closely related? Which group diverged first (longest ago) in the lineage?

Tracing Phylogeny To determine correct sequence of common ancestors in any particular group of organisms, scientists look at: Fossil record Homology: character similarity that stems from having a common ancestor (forelimbs of vertebrates) Molecular data (protein comparisons and RNA/DNA comparisons)

Cladistics Systematics Cladistics: uses shared derived characters to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a type of phylogenetic tree called a cladogram Hypotheses Traces evolutionary history Based on shared derived traits and homologies Arranged according to TIME