COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION Chapter 5 By Kassidy Hurst, Eddie Zepeda, Carlos Granados, and Rodrigo Mena

MAJOR EVENTS The college of William and Mary was founded in 1693 for Anglican clerics. At 1700, there were 20 English subjects for every American colonist. By 1775, there were only 3 English for each American. Philadelphia and New York built almshouses in the 1730’s. The Great Awakening- a religious revival which undermined the prestige of learned clergy, split colonial churches into competing denominations, and led to the founding of colleges. This was the first spontaneous mass movement of American people and lasted fro the 1730’s through the 1740’s. Scots-Irish led an armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia in Crude form of smallpox inoculation introduced in 1721.

KEY PEOPLE Scots-Irish: mainly nonpermanent people who lived scattered around the colonies, they always built permanent churches. Jonathan Edwards- theological pastor form North Hampton, Massachusetts. George Whitefield- Orator/parson, preached religious view which went against Edwards’ views. Benjamin Franklin- Scientist, often referred to as the “first civilized American”, Started the University of Pennsylvania. Phillis Wheatley- Slave from Boston who became a poet, taken to England at the age of 20. John Singleton Copley (1738 – 1815) was an American painter, active in both colonial America and England. He was probably born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Richard and Mary Singleton Copley, both Anglo-Irish. He is famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects. His paintings were innovative in their tendency to depict artifacts relating to these individuals' lives. The Paxton Boys were frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. They are widely known for murdering 20 Susquehannock in events collectively called the Conestoga Massacre John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 – July 28, 1746) was a German American printer, publisher, editor, and journalist in New York City. Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal.[1] He was a defendant in a landmark legal case in American jurisprudence, known as The Zenger Trial. His lawyers, Andrew Hamilton and William Smith, Sr., successfully argued that truth is a defense against charges of libel

KEY PLACES 13 Colonies Most Populous colonies in 1775: Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. Only communities considered cities in 1775: Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston. England Africa West Indies South America Most ethnically diverse: Middle colonies Least ethnically diverse: New England

KEY TERMS Pennsylvania Dutch are a cultural group formed by early German-speaking immigrants to Pennsylvania and their descendants. Great Awakening is used to refer to several periods of religious revival in American religious history. Poor Richard's Almanack was published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Protestant dissenters from the Irish province of Ulster who migrated to North America during the 18th and 19th centuries Triangular trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers, and that it must be done by complete immersion. Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation.

ACTS, TREATIES, COURT CASES, AMENDMENTS, ETC. Molasses Act of meant to inhibit colonial trade with the French West Indies. Passed by the British Parliament. Parliament arranged the Townshend taxes of 1767 for separate payment of the colonial governors. This made the colonists angrier. Colonial Americans cherished self-taxation through representation above most of the other political principles of the time. By 1775 most colonies were very similar, but they did not yet have complete democracy.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES England tried to use the Church of England/ Anglican Church, to impose kingly authority. Triangular trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe had a huge effect on the economy. Colonial schools and colleges placed their main emphasis on religion. Ben Franklin launched the University of Pennsylvania which was the first college free of denominational control. The king appointed governors for most of the colonies by 1775.

TIME LINE By 1759 New York was producing 80 thousand barrels of flour a year. Colonists settled on the east coast of the New World and formed colonies amongst themselves.

SOURCES The American Pageant 12 th adition