Ch 9/10 Earth’s Water

The Hydrosphere and the Water Cycle Lesson 1 The Hydrosphere and the Water Cycle

Think About It… Why is it that the water in your bottle could have been drunk by George Washington?

What is the structure and functioning of the hydrosphere? Focus Question… What is the structure and functioning of the hydrosphere?

The Hydrosphere… A. The hydrosphere is… the water on and in Earth’s crust B1. The percentage of water found in the oceans… 97 We don’t call ourselves the Blue Planet for nothing! B2. The percentage of water contained by the landmasses… 3 http://www.earthview.pair.com/earth300color.jpg

C. Of the Freshwater on Earth… 1. 90% is in the form of… polar ice caps and glaciers 2. Most of the remaining water is… groundwater 3. Only a small fraction is in… rivers, streams, and lakes Alaska’s Glacier Bay http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/trips/family-trips/glacier-bay-alaska/

The World’s Water Supply… Oceans – 97.2% - thousands of years Ice caps and glaciers – 2.15% - tens of thousands of years Groundwater - .31% - hundreds to thousands of years Lakes - .009% - tens of years Atmosphere - .001% - nine days! Rivers and streams - .0001% - two weeks

The Water Cycle… 1. The Water Cycle… a. oceans b. groundwater 2. It returns to the surface and to the ocean 8

Runoff… Runoff is… water flowing down slope along Earth’s surface http://myecoproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/stormwater.jpg

2. Four Factors that Affect Runoff… a. Vegetation… Soils with no vegetation have more runoff.

2. Four Factors that Affect Runoff… b. Rate of Precipitation… Heavy rain leads to more runoff (Water falls too quickly to soak into the ground) http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/nrcs3/normal_1389-Runoff-from-a-heavy-rain-carries-topsoil-from-a-cr.jpg

2. Four Factors that Affect Runoff… c. Soil Composition… … Soil with a lot of fine particles (like clay) leads to more runoff (Clay prevents water from soaking in.)

2. Four Factors that Affect Runoff… d. Slope… Steep slopes have more runoff. The steeper the slope, the faster the water flows. http://secretagentworms.org/images/runoff2nrcs.jpg

Stream Systems… 1. If a sufficient supply of water develops, the water begins to flow more permanently in a channel and can become a stream. 2. A large stream is called a river and all its tributaries make up a river system.

The Rivers of North Carolina…

Watersheds and Divides… 3. A watershed is all of the land area whose water drains into a stream system. http://dutchesswam.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/watershed-image-small.png

North Carolina Watersheds… http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/maps/nc/Watersheds-NC-map.jpg

Watersheds and Divides… 4. A divide is a high land area that separates one watershed from another. The Eastern Continental Divide is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Divides of North America… http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide

Watersheds and Divides… 5. The watershed of the Mississippi River is the largest watershed in North America! http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/lmrsbc/index.html

Lesson 2 Surface Water: Rivers 21

Think About It… Why do rivers form? 22

What is the structure and functioning of a river? Focus Question… What is the structure and functioning of a river? 23

A. Stream Load and Velocity… 1. All the materials that the water in a stream carries is known as the stream’s load. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Stream_Load.gif

A. Stream Load and Velocity… Three ways in which a stream carries its load... Material is carried in solution after it becomes dissolved in a stream’s water. All particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a stream’s moving water are carried in suspension. Sediments that are too large or heavy to be held up by turbulent water are transported as a stream’s bed load. (See next slide.)

A. Stream Load and Velocity… 2. Carrying capacity is the ability of a stream to… transport material http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/images/hydrograph_photos/muri2/muri2_2.jpg

B. Floodplains… 1. When do floods occur? when water spills over the sides of a stream’s banks onto adjacent land (Soccer fields were built on the flood plain of the Yadkin River in Davie County. Why?) http://www.nowpublic.com/world/floodplain

B. Floodplains… How are floods related to groundwater levels? … It is more likely to flood when groundwater levels are high because… … the aquifer is already full and can only hold so much water. … the dotted line on the diagram represents the groundwater level. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970800380X

B. Floodplains… 3. What is a floodplain? … a broad, flat, fertile area extending out from a stream’s banks that is covered with water during floods. … It is not wise to build on a floodplain because it is prone to flooding!

B. Floodplains… 4. Which agency monitors potential flood conditions? The National Weather Service monitors changing weather conditions. USGS has established gauging station on more than 4400 streams in the USA! http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3113/images/Cropped_bridge.jpg

http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/78/3078-004-9B8860F2.jpg C. Stream Valleys… As a stream actively erodes its path, it forms a V-shaped channel. The beginning of a stream is called the headwaters. These are cold, oxygenated, and free of sediment. V-shaped channels have steep sides. The Grand Canyon is a V- shaped valley. The Grand Canyon

Formation of Stream Valleys… http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week9/rivprof.jpg Next 3 slides

Stream Valleys… meander 2. A bend or curve in a stream channel is a - The Cape Fear River The Yadkin River http://www.wfae.org/wfae/images/Yadkin.jpg http://www.wilmingtonbeachrentals.com/2010/02/cape-fear-river-facts-pictures.html

Meandering Streams… 3. Water in a stream flows at different velocities… Center – fastest Bottom and sides – more slowly Outside of a meander – fastest rate of flow Inside of a meander – more slowly

Meandering Streams – A Diagram

Meandering Streams… 4. A blocked-off meander becomes an … oxbow lake We have our very own oxbow lake in the Carolinas – in the Congaree National Park just outside of Columbia, SC. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/oxbow_lake.jpg

Oxbow Lakes… Oxbow Lake in the Amazon Oxbow Lakes in Alaska http://muller.lbl.gov/travel_photos/AmazonWebPages/AmazonWebPages-Pages/Image1.html http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/oxbow-lake-aerial-3405-pictures.htm

Meandering Streams… 5. The end of a stream is called the mouth … and is usually located at the ocean or another large body of water http://carolinagreensense.com/uploaded_images/NIWB-731140.jpeg

(Yadkin)-PeeDee River A Bigger View!

Deposition of Sediment… 1. Streams that lose velocity also lose their ability to carry … sediment 2. An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit commonly found in mountains. http://practicalbio.blogspot.com/2011/09/sonoran-desert-soil-distributions.html Alluvial Fan in the Sonora Desert

Deposition of Sediment… 3. A delta is a triangular deposit that forms where a stream enters a large body of water. The city of New Orleans is on the Mississippi River Delta. The Mississippi River Delta – picture taken by Landsat 7 http://earthasart.gsfc.nasa.gov/mississippi.html

Yadkin Riverkeeper Website… The Yadkin Riverkeeper organization is a member of the international Waterkeeper organization. This alliance includes baykeepers, deltakeepers, riverkeepers, lakekeepers, etc. http://www.yadkinriverkeeper.org/content/video-messages

Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands Lesson 3 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands

What is the biggest lake you have ever seen in person? Think About It… What is the biggest lake you have ever seen in person?

Why are lakes and wetlands important? Focus Question… Why are lakes and wetlands important?

A. Lakes… 1. Some definitions… a. What is a lake? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Rock_Lake 1. Some definitions… a. What is a lake? a depression in land that holds water b. What determines where a lake can form? the surface materials c. What is a pond? a small lake d. What is a reservoir? a manmade lake http://www.city-data.com/picfilesv/picv23839.php High Rock Lake

2. Origin of Lakes… Oxbow Lake… a meander gets cut off Weston Lake (Oxbow) in Congaree National Park

The Great Salt Lake in Utah - the remains of a sea http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/salt_lake_desert/salt_l.html

Moraine-dammed Lake - glacial melt is dammed by a moraine Moraine-dammed Lake in Alaska http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/i/i.html

Kettle Lakes - Glacial melt in a depression created by the glacier Kettle Lakes in Michigan http://www.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/kettle_lakes.html

3. Lakes Undergo Change… a. What maintains a lake’s water supply? rain, runoff, and groundwater b. A lake will exist for a long time if… it gets more water than it loses c. After a long time a lake will… dry up and fill up! The Aral Sea: Uzbekistan http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1396

3. Lakes Undergo Change… d. Eutrophication is… excess nutrients cause the overgrowth of algae which die and decay and use up oxygen e. The process of eutrophication can be sped up by… over-fertilizing land near a waterway Eutrophication in Australia Fish kill in the Salton Sea, CA http://www.eoearth.org/article/Eutrophication

Eutrophication Explained… https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_eutrophication-is.svg

Eutrophication Explained (in English!)… http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/pollution/culturaleutroph.jpg

C. Lakes Undergo Change… f. Four things that can pollute lakes are… animal wastes phosphate detergents industrial toxins untreated sewage

B. Freshwater Wetlands… http://www.tommangan.net/twoheeldrive/index.php/2009/11/29/easy-hike-at-historic-bethabara-park/ B. Freshwater Wetlands… A wetland is… land that is soaked with water Three examples of wetlands are… bogs marshes swamps Boardwalk at Bethabara Park Our very own wetlands!

a. Bogs… I. A bog is a water-soaked area with poor drainage. ii. Water in a bog comes from… Precipitation (rain) iii. The soil in a bog is acidic because… of the decaying moss – This slows bacterial growth which prevents nutrient recycling. http://here4now.typepad.com/here4now/2011/05/weeks-bay-reserve.html A bog in Alabama http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/bog.cfm

Bogs… iv. Interesting plants that live in a bog are the… Venus fly trap Sun dew Pitcher plants V. These plants are carnivorous because of the nutrient-poor soil of the bog. They must digest insects to obtain nitrogen. http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/plants/carnivorousplants.htm

Marshes… A marsh is a water-soaked area at the mouth of streams. Fresh water marshes often form… At the mouth of a river iii. Marsh grasses have shallow roots that … anchor silt and mud deposits in a delta. (Builds land!) Brackish marsh near Wanchese, NC http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/vistas/outerbanks.htm

Marsh with reeds and rushes - natural reserve near Ravenna, Italy Marshes… iv. Plants found in a marsh include… Grasses Reeds Sedges Rushes Marsh with reeds and rushes - natural reserve near Ravenna, Italy

Swamps… i. A swamp is… a low-lying area near a stream ii. Swamps may develop… from marshes that have filled in and support the growth of shrubs and trees. Congaree National Park, SC http://vogeltalksrving.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Mosquito-meter.jpg

Water Lily in Bok Tower Gardens, Orlando, FL … http://attractionsmagazine.com/blog/2012/09/14/water-lilies-seem-to-big-to-be-true-at-bok-tower-gardens/

Swamps… iii. Trees that grow in a swamp include… mangrove trees cypress trees Mangroves in Biscayne National Park, FL Bald Cypress Trees in Florida

Swamps… iv. If a swamp were to be buried under tons of sediment… COAL might form! http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/visual/visual.php?shortname=coal_formation

3. Environmental Issues… Two valuable functions of wetlands include… the filtering of water providing a habitat for migrating birds and fish fry (fish babies!) What percent of our wetlands were lost between the late 1700s to mid-1980s? 50 % Why were they filled in? Snow Geese in Prince William Sound http://www.pwconserve.org/wildlife/birds/snowgoose.htm

Three Ways to Preserve Wetlands… Education Conservation Regulation

The Movement, Storage, and Erosive Action of Groundwater Lesson 4 The Movement, Storage, and Erosive Action of Groundwater 67

Does your family drink well water? Think About It… Does your family drink well water? 68

How is groundwater stored and how does it move? Focus Question… How is groundwater stored and how does it move? 69

I. Groundwater Storage and Movement Precipitation and Groundwater… Remember the water cycle? Most water in the atmosphere comes from oceans! Most precipitation that falls on land becomes groundwater. Eventually groundwater will… … return to the ocean to complete the water cycle.

B. Groundwater Storage… 1a. The percentage of pore space in a material is called… porosity 1b. The types of soil that have - highest porosity - well- sorted lowest porosity – poorly- sorted 2a. Groundwater is stored… in the pore spaces of rocks and sediments (See picture ) http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/GWANSW2008_files/image002.jpg

Groundwater Storage… c. The zone of saturation is… the depth below Earth’s surface at which groundwater completely fills all the pores d. The water table is … …the upper boundary of the zone of saturation

e. Figure 10-2: Groundwater Storage (p. 421)

Groundwater Storage… f. The depth of the water table varies… In swampy areas the water table is almost at Earth’s surface whereas in arid regions it is far beneath Earth’s surface Green Swamp, FL

Groundwater Storage… g. If the water table is high, it is more likely to flood. If the water table is low, it is less likely to flood. h. The water table fluctuates with the seasons and weather conditions because… of its dependence on precipitation (rain) to recharge it http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/chwattab.gif

Groundwater Movement… 1. What is permeability? the ability of a material to let water pass through it What subsurface materials are permeable? sand, sandstone, and gravel What subsurface materials are impermeable? clay, silt, and shale Why is clay used to line ponds & landfills? It is impermeable (our storm drainage pond)

Aquifer… 2. An aquifer is the underground storage area for water consisting of permeable rock layers. 3. An aquiclude is an impermeable layer above or below an aquifer.

Groundwater Movement… 6. aquifer 7. 8. aquiclude

Groundwater: A Music Video… The Story of Groundwater! http://www.groundwater.org/kc/groundwater_animation.html

Groundwater Erosion and Deposition Lesson 5 Groundwater Erosion and Deposition 80

Why do some homes in Florida get swallowed up by the ground? Think About It… Why do some homes in Florida get swallowed up by the ground? 81

What are the unique features of caves? Focus Question… What are the unique features of caves? 82

A. Caves… What is a cave? Which acid forms caves? A natural underground opening with a connection to Earth’s surface Which acid forms caves? Carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 in the soil) Which rock is eroded by this acid to form a cave? limestone

Caves of the USA… Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mexico Lechuguilla Cave, N. Mexico http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/07/dark-depths-mammoth-cave/ http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/america/lechuguilla.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witchs_Finger_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg

Mammoth Cave: A Closer Look… http://images.travelpod.com/users/socks/1.1248576883.mammoth-cave-river-styx-tour-route.jpg

Cave Formations… http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/orca/underworld/sec1b.htm

Karst Topography - Sinkholes… 6. What is a sinkhole? A depression in the ground caused by the collapse of a cave http://southeastsinkhole.com/

http://www.virginiacaves.org/lok/ccvup56.htm Karst Topography 7. Karst topography are limestone regions that have sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams – named for an area in Croatia. A aerial photograph of a classic Karst terrain north of Lewisburg, WV

Karst Topography…

Karst Topography Missouri http://www.mospeleo.org/ozark_caving/springs/sprkarst.htm

Hard Water… Hard water is water that contains high concentrations of calcium, magnesiun, or iron. Common in limestone areas Causes deposits of calcium bicarbonate and can clog water pipes. (p. 247) More soap must be used

Groundwater Erosion and Deposition Lesson 6 Groundwater Erosion and Deposition 92

Think About It… What forms a spring? 93

What are the unique features of springs? Focus Question… What are the unique features of springs? 94

A. Springs… Ground water discharges at… Earth’s surface These natural discharges of water are called… springs Water may flow out of a rock when… an aquifer and an aquiclude come in contact

http://www.eyekonic.net/gallery2/d/1232-2/Ponce_20De_20Leon_20Springs_202.jpg Ponce De Leon Springs

Location of Springs:  C. Fault-blocked B. Perched Water  Table A. Near Horizontal Sedimentary Layers  D. Limestone Regions  http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8m.html

Hot Springs… 4. The temperature of ground water is… the same as the average annual temperature 5. Hot springs are… springs which have temperatures higher than the human body 6. Hot springs are so hot because… the subsurface is still hot from relatively recent igneous activity Picture on next slide 

Hot Springs at Yellowstone N.P. http://www.guideoftravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Yellowstone-National-Park.jpg

Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone NP http://www.gogobot.com/old_faithful_geyser_and_upper-yellowstone_national_park-attraction Springs and Geysers… 7. Most hot springs in our country are found in the… western states 8. A geyser is an … explosive spring that erupts at regular intervals Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone NP

Wells… 9. A well is… 10. A cone of depression is produced by… a hole dug to reach a reservoir of groundwater 10. A cone of depression is produced by… the over pumping of wells 11. Drawdown is… the difference between the original water table level and that of a pumped well 12. Recharge is… when water from rain or runoff is added to an aquifer

Wells… http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gw_ruralhomeowner/gw_ruralhomeowner_new.html

Wells… 13. An artesian well flows from a deep, confined aquifer which contains water under pressure.

Use, Abuse, and Conservation of Water Resources Lesson 7 Use, Abuse, and Conservation of Water Resources

I. Threats to Our Water Supply… 1. Overuse 2. Subsidence (sinking land over an aquifer) 3. Pollution in groundwater (sewage, industrial waste, landfills, agriculture) 4. Chemicals (not filtered out by sediments; hard to remove from groundwater) 5. Salt (one of the major threats to groundwater supplies; esp. coastal areas) 6. Radon (generated by radioactive decay of uranium in rocks – esp. granite and shale)

Protection of Groundwater… Identify and eliminate pollution sources. Monitor pollution. Pump groundwater to surface and treat it.

II. Water Use A. The Importance of Water Four important uses of freshwater… Agriculture, transportation, recreation, drinking! Water is indispensable for life on Earth because… It exists as a liquid It stores a lot of heat It is the universal solvent Solid water expands

A. The Importance of Water… Eastern states get the most precipitation. Eastern states - cooling, energy production, and manufacturing. Western states - irrigation. Withdrawal rates of freshwater are increasing each year because… …our population is growing!

Western states use more water for growing their crops…

Use of Water in the USA… http://fracfocus.org/sites/default/files/water-use-pie-chart.jpg

B. Managing Freshwater Resources Dams are built to… …control flooding downstream and to manage freshwater resources In the USA, 23% of all freshwater is obtained from… … aquifers (groundwater) … Florida, Hawaii, and Nebraska depend almost entirely on groundwater.

B. Managing Freshwater Resources Drawdown causes… wells to go dry streams to run low or go dry shallow aquifers on the coast to get salty (This is called salt water intrusion) Desalination is removing salt from seawater to make freshwater. It is not practical due to high costs. See next slide…

Saltwater Intrusion… http://www.wrd.org/engineering/images/seawater-intrusion.gif

Desalination… http://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant.aspx

III. Water Pollution… Types of Pollution… Point sources … sewage …have a single point of origin (often a piped discharge) …Three examples include (but aren’t limited to)… sewage spills industry Drainage into the Ohio River http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pollution-Sources-Point-and-Nonpoint.html

III. Water Pollution… Types of Pollution… 2. Nonpoint sources … http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/media/pol04a_460.jpg Types of Pollution… 2. Nonpoint sources … … come from widely spread areas and cannot be identified and cleaned up as easily. … Two examples include (but aren’t limited to)… pesticides and fertilizers from farms and yards oil and gasoline from parking lots

B. Clean up! Surface water is more easily polluted than groundwater but easier to clean up. http://www2.epa.gov/cleanups

C. Reducing Water Pollution… The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) was designed to … … ensure our citizens have safe drinking water … Our water does not always meet these standards. The Clean Water Act (1972) was created to… eliminate sources of water pollution restore water quality (which it has done!)

IV. Water Conservation Community Water Conservation Farmers can use irrigation techniques like trickle irrigation to save water. http://www.tricklering.com/ Industries can use recycled or gray water to save water. Personal Conservation: How can you and I conserve water in our homes and yards?

Lesson 7 Video Clip… The Cycle of Insanity: The Real Story of Water http://www.rivernetwork.org/blog/7/2010/04/12/new-surfrider-video-shows-%E2%80%98-real-story-water%E2%80%99