2 Development of Vocabulary

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family World languages: Language families: 300 Indo-European Language Family (IELF) Europe Middle East Far East

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family IELF: Eastern Set & Western Set Eastern Set: Balto-Slavic (7): Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Russian Indo-Iranian (4): Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany Armenian (1): Armenian Albanian (1): Albanian

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family Western set: Hellenic (1): Greek Celtic (4): Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton Italic (Latin) (5) : Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian (Ramance) Germanic (8): Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic (Scandinavian); German, Dutch, Flemish, English

2.1 The Indo-European Language Family All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent.

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Celts (natives) Romans (55-54 BC) Anglo-Saxons (410: Angles, Saxons, Jutes) = (Germanic tribes)

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Old English ( ) Two events: 1.Latin-speaking Roman missionaries headed by St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain at the end of the 6th century. Words borrowed: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 2.Invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings in the 9th century Words from Scandinavian: father, husband, house, life, man, mother 900 words borrowed Many are in common use today

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Characteristics: 1. Small vocabulary (50,000 — 60,000 ); 2. Small number of borrowings (from Latin and Scandinavian); 3. Vocabulary full of endings.

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Middle English ( ) 1066: Norman Conquest a continual flow of Norman French words into English Three languages existing side by side: Latin (in the church) French (in government, school, law court) English (by native people)

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 1250 — 1500: 9,000 words from French 75 % still in use today state, power, prince, judge, court, crime, angel, mercy, peace, battle

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Characteristics: 1. A comparatively larger vocabulary; 2. A tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin; 3. Word endings leveled.

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Modern English (1500-up to now) Early Modern English ( ) Late Modern English (1700-up to now) Contemporary English (1945-now) Present-day English (now)

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Renaissance ( ) = revival of Greek and Roman classics Words borrowed through translation 1500 — 1700: +10,000 words +25% of ME directly from Latin or Greek

2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary Influential events:  The Bourgeois Revolution around 1650s  Industrial Revolution (1830-early 20th C)  Colonization  World War II  Science and technology

2.3 General Characteristics Characteristics: 1. Huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 2.Tremendous borrowings; 3.High receptivity and adaptability; 4.Vocabulary with lost endings; 5.Vocabulary expansion mainly by word-formation.

2.3 General Characteristics Old English full endings Middle English leveled endings Modern English lost endings

2.3 General Characteristics Old Middle Modern leorn-ian lern-en learn mon-a mone-e moon stan-as ston-es stone sun-ne sun-ne sun sun-u sun-e sun Full endingLeveled endingLost ending

2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon Period (before 410) wallstreet wine trade (2) Old English Period ( ) alter candle mass nun (3) Middle English Period ( ) include legal picture polite

2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin (4) Modern English Period focus status bonus vacuum minimum stratum arena via militia species series

2.4 Foreign Elements 1. Latin Roots: 359 Latin: % Affixes: 186 Latin: 71 25%

2.4 Foreign Elements 2. Greek Words entered English through Latin. medicine: anatomy diagnosis science: astronomy geography language: grammar etymology literature: poet drama

2.4 Foreign Elements 2. Greek Roots: 359 Greek: 91 25% Affix: 186 Greek: 52 28%

2.4 Foreign Elements 3. French ¼ of words from French A large proportion of French words belong to basic vocabulary. Example: 王子、公、侯、伯、子、男 prince duke marquis count viscount baron king queen (English)

2.4 Foreign Elements Meat: beef veal pork venison Meal: banquet feast dinner supper breakfast (English) Cuisine: 烧、烤、炖、炒、煎、炸、煮 broil, grill grate bake, stew simmer, fry, deep-fry, boil Fashion: fashion, dress, coat, collar, lace

2.4 Foreign Elements 4. Scandinavian Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Nouns: husband sister leg skin Verbs: get take call want Adj: happy ill wrong low Pron: they them their both

2.4 Foreign Elements “ An Englishman cannot thrive or be ill without Scandinavian words; they are to the language, what bread and eggs are to the daily fare. ” Jespersen (1948)

2.4 Foreign Elements Role of borrowing in present vocabulary: 6% - 7% of new words (Pyles and Algeo) 6000 WORDS ( ) 473 borrowed words French: 30%Latin: 8% Japanese: 7%Italian: 7% Spanish: 6%German: 5% Greek: 5%Russian: 4% Chinese: 2%

2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 12,000 Words science and technology: 45% life-style: 24% social and economic terms: 11%

2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Reasons: 1. Rapid growth of science and technology green revolution astro-chemistry irradiation 2. Social, economic and political changes TV dinner soul music girlcott

2.5 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 3. Influence of other cultures and languages Mao hat pita bread kungfu

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development Modes of development: creation semantic change borrowing

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1. Creation= formation of new words by using the existing materials: roots and affixes super-rich colaholic sportcast

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 2. Semantic change = an old form which takes on a new meaning break (dance) mouse web monitor

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development 3. Borrowing (playing a slim role) 4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words AmE BrE AmE BrE guess for think druggist for chemist fall for autumn sickfor ill

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development Summary

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