C H A P T E R Innisfree McKinnon University of Oregon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline Hawai'i and the Pacific Islands 17

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hawai'i Region 8 inhabited islands (southeast to northwest) –The "Big Island" (Hawai'i) –Kahoolawe –Maui –Lanai –Molokai –Oahu –Kauai –Niihau

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hawai'ian archipelago Islands & submerged volcanoes = 3600 miles ~120 uninhabited islands On a "hot spot"

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Kauai & Niibau –Oldest islands –Lower elevations –Subsidence, cooling, erosion The Big Island –Youngest island –Ongoing volcanic activity Volcanic Hot spot

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Volcanism Largest volcanoes = Big Island –Mauna Kea (extinct) & Mauna Loa Largest volcanoes in the world Kilauea –One of the most active volcanoes globally Maui –Haleakala 10,000ft –West Maui Mountains

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate Warm, few seasonal extremes in temp. Temp & precip. vary w/ elevation and orientation Trade winds – east to west Warm, moist air rises at equator Sinks at 25 degrees N & S Creates persistent pressure cell & winds

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate (cont.) Orographic precip. north/east coasts –Hilo = 150"/year –East slope of Mnt. Waiakeale, Kauai = 486"/year West/south sides of the island = rain shadow –Dry areas= Kona Coast, Waikiki ~20"/year Temp declines w/ alt. 2.5 F/1000ft

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Island Biogeography Isolated geography Unique flora and fauna Endemic Species = 95% Ex. Nene Goose –State bird

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Geography: Adaptive Radiation Honeycreepers image Develops on islands/isolated environments Unfilled ecological niches Animals & plants evolve unusual characteristics Ex. Honey creepers 22 distinct species w/ varying habitats and feeding niches

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hazards Volcanic –Eruptions –Earthquakes –Tsunamis Weather –Tornados –Water spouts –Kona storms –Hurricanes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Polynesian settlement First arrivals ~ 400 A.D. to Marquesas Islands A.D. migration from Tahiti to Hawaii 2 nd wave A.D. 300,000 Native Hawaiians ~ late 18 th c.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Polynesian culture & politics Food = pigs, chickens, fish, poi from taro plant Worldview = interconnectedness Politics = fragmented King Kamehameha I conquers the islands –Used European military tech U.S. coup deposed the royal family

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. European/American Settlement 1778 C. James Cook & crew 19 th century = start of American settlement American settlers –Missionaries –Whalers –Traders –Ag. Development = sugar plantations

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. American plantations Sugar plantations supplied U.S. mainland Many Native Hawaiians died of European diseases –By late 1800s native pop. = 40,000 Peasants from China, Japan, & Russia became workers

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. American Annexation Queen Liliuokalani deposed in 1893 U.S. wanted trade & navel base 1898 U.S. annexation Ag. labor shifts, immigration from: –Korea –Philippines –Samoa

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Historic Political Economy Strategic military location – U.S. Navy Tropical crops –Sugar –Pineapples Tourism

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sugar Cane 1830s sugar plantations on Big Island & Oahu Limitations –Labor –Water Irrigation systems developed 1930s = ~50,000 field workers –~10,000 workers in sugar mills Since WWII sugar production declining –High transportation costs –Reduced price supports

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pineapple, coffee, & other ag Hawai'i produced ~ 80% of world's pineapples Rising labor costs = decline in production Kona coffee –Grown only in Kona belt –West side of Big Island Other crops –Macadamia nuts –Papaya –Lei flowers –Cattle

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Crossroads of the Pacific 1850s Japan opened to trade w/ West Hawai'i became key stop for shipping Headquarters for Pacific Fleet Strategic center during WWII, Korean & Vietnam wars Military spending now = > $4 billion

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tourism Tourism = travel to places outside everyday experience undertaken for recreation Tourism related to dev. of pop. culture Industrial revolution & rise in "leisure" time Late 1950s jet travel opens Hawai'i to tourism Hawai'i both exotic & part of the U.S.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tourism continued The dominant industry 2003 –6.4 million visitors –Almost 10 billion in revenue 2010 –Almost 7 million visitors Where do tourist come from? –In descending order: U.S., Japan, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, S. Korea

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tourism profits Most resorts & hotels owned by large multinational corps. Locals get low-paid, unskilled jobs Drives up land values Locals live in polluted inland Long commutes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Elasticity of demand The degree to which consumption levels for various products vary with the overall strength of the economy. Basic goods & services = low elasticity Tourism & recreation = high elasticity Highly impacted by downturns in the global economy

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Gambling Hawai'i & Utah only states w/out legal gambling Pressure to allow gambling at resorts –Would increase # of tourists & revenue Public opinion –59% in favor –40 % opposed Concerns = competition w/local businesses, spiritual & religious objections

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicity in Hawai'i

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Oahu & Honolulu 2/3 of state pop. live on Oahu Honolulu dominates economy & politics Crowding, commercialism, pollution, traffic Waikiki Beach = world famous resort Cultural crossroads of the Pacific

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cracks in the Melting Pot? Open and fluid society culturally and economically? Caucasians and Japanese are largest groups today – outnumber Hawai'ians Independent monarchy for centuries; became a republic in 1893, then a territory of the US in 1900; and a state in 1959 Issues: Language, culture, politics, tourism impacts

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Oahu Working-class neighborhoods = inland West of downtown = Pearl Harbor North & west = North Shore beaches –Famous for surfing Hawaiians practiced surfing before contact w/ Europeans/Americans

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The "Big Island" Largest island (2/3 of state's land) Geologically the youngest –Active volcanism Hilo = county seat/largest city

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Big Island (cont.) Mauna Kea –Dormant volcano –Leading astronomical observatory Southwestern side of the island = Kona coast –Many retirees from the mainland Inland= large cattle ranches

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Maui 3 rd largest island County includes Maui, Molokai, Lanai, & Kahoolawe NW coast city of Lahaina = tourist center Eastern Maui = more verdant & less developed Hana Road on NW island = scenic drive Wailiku & Kahului = inland shopping & working class communities

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Molokai N. of Maui 7000 residents >50% native Hawaiian "The Friendly Isle" Little development

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lanai & Kahoolawe Lanai W. of Maui Dry climate –Maui's rain shadow Former Dole pineapple plantation Purchased in 1990s for development Upscale resorts for wealthy tourists Kahoolawe Smallest of the 8 major islands Driest <25"/year –Maui's rain shadow Sacred to native Hawaiians Many archaeological sites Former US penal colony Later cattle ranch After WWII bombing range

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Kauai & Niihau Kauai Farthest NW of major islands Geologically oldest Many natural attractions First discovered by Polynesians & Capt. Cook Former center for ag. Current economy mostly tourism Center for eco-tourism Niihau Owned by the State of Hawai'i Reserved for native Hawaiians ~250 residents

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Papahanaumokuakea National Monument 139,797 sq. mi. Coral reefs –"The rainforest of the sea" 7000 marine species Many endemic and/or endangered

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Guam Largest of Mariana Islands 3700 W. of Hawai'i Pop. 163,000 Indonesian & Philippine settlers Spanish colony in late 17 th century 1898 ceded to U.S. U.S. military base

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 islands 2300 mi. SW of Hawai'i Part of larger group including independent nation of Samoa Pop. ~ 75,000 U.S. controlled since ,000 Samoans in Hawai'i American Samoa

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Future of Hawai'i Dependent on outside forces –Support for economy Fragile ecosystems –Growing pop. Ethnic diversity –Emphasize on tolerance Growing gap between rich & poor Independence movement

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End of Chapter 17