1. Southeast Asia and Oceania Isabella Gorgievska

2. Introduction Southeast Asia Region in Asia Includes South China and Japan, East India, West Papa New Guinea and North Australia Area of 4,545,792 km 2 Population: 641 million Numerous religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and more Oceania Includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia Covers an area of 8,525,989 km2 Population: 40 million Predominantly Christian religion (73%)

3. The Physical geography and its effect on settlement and economic development Physical geography -Archipelago  beautiful and exotic islands and beaches -Open seas  allowing for trade -Volcanoes  providing fertile land and soil -Coral reefs  built on lava flows in the ocean, rich sea ecosystem -Oceania is one of earth’s eight terrestrial ecozones (ecozones make up the major ecological regions of the planet)

4. Factors affecting human settlement Human settlement and activities are always dependent on the physical features of the land SE AsiaOceania ClimateTropical wet and tropical wet/dry with monsoons Varies- tropical rainforest and savannah, desert VegetationVery diverseNot diverse SoilsVolcanos provide fertile land High islands rich in soil and rain, low islands are not

5. Physical Geography and human settlement’s influence on the economy Economy Mountain ranges: - Volcanos make fertile soil - Agriculture and economy develop Rivers: - Drain to fertile deltas - Agriculture and economy develop Peninsulas and islands: - Large coast line - Many ports for travel and trading Plentiful water: - Fish supply for food and fishing trade Mineral resources: - Petroleum - Tin - Gems

6. Cultural ties to the world Chinese and Indian Influence (111 B.C) China ruled Vietnam – shaped culture, technology and beliefs Religion and art- Hinduism and Buddhism from India Mandala states – rings of power around central court European colonisation (1500s) Europeans came to become more wealthy To do this, they colonised all of SE Asia except modern day Thailand Brought centralised governments, missionaries spread Christianity, caused nationalism in SE Asia Japanese occupation (WW2) Gave SE Asians valuable leadership roles Results in government experience Japanese influences Vietnam War (1957- 75) North and South Vietnam unite into one country Communism rule which spread to Cambodia and Laos

7. Reasons for human migration to SE Asia and Oceania Rich in petroleum and natural gas reserves Many mineral resources eg tin, gems Explorers, including James Cook (1500s) Missionaries to spread Christianity (1800s) Traders for coconut oil Sailors for whale hunting Plantations by settlers to grow coconuts, coffee, pineapples and sugar Oceania Colonisers came for wealth Colonised SE Asia in the process Used their natural and human resources Used the colonies to make resources to benefit Western people and Western economy SE Asia

8. Demographic data & standards of living Australia, New Zealand and Singapore have the highest standard of living in SE Asia and Oceania Seen by demographic data Lowest infant mortality rates, highest number of doctors per population number, and highest GDP rates Literacy rates and life expectancy are also higher Comparison with the United States Largest total area Largest population, Indonesia has similar population, but much smaller land area – overpopulated and poorer living conditions – which is why mortality rates are higher and life expectancy is lower Australia and the US are very similar in demographic data Why is this? Better demographics because of: Higher education rates Advanced technology Access to medical care Allow for better quality of life, healthier population and economic growth SingaporeIndonesiaUnited States Population4.6 millon240 million307 million Total area (Square Miles) 267 sq. miles741,100 sq miles 3.7 million sq. miles Life expectancy 8270.878.1 Infant mortality (per 1,000) 2.311.66.2 GDP (billions USD) 23596814,260 Literacy rate % 939099