Introduction to Chemistry Chapter 1

Objectives Identify the five traditional areas of study in chemistry. Relate pure chemistry to applied chemistry. Identify reasons to study chemistry.

Section 1.1 What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. KEYWORDS: Chemistry, and Matter

Five traditional areas of study are: organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry

Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. KEYWORD: Organic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. KEYWORD-Inorganic Chemistry

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals? KEYWORD- Biochemistry

KEYWORD-Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals? KEYWORD-Analytical Chemistry

KEYWORD- Physical Chemistry Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals? KEYWORD- Physical Chemistry

Break for Concept Think of things you see everyday, at home, in the classroom, ANYWHERE Come up with at least one example for what ORGANIC, INORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY would study in the real world. (be more specific than what was given to you in the slides)

Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application. KEYWORDS- Pure Chemistry, and Applied Chemistry

But how do these relate to each other? Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works. Well that’s cool but what does that even mean?

Pure Chemistry Lets Look At Nylon In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk. A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon. Applied Chemistry

Pure and Applied Chemistry both use… Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired. Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort. There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology. KEYWORD- TECHNOLOGY

Why Study Chemistry?

Explaining the Natural World Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work.

Preparing for a career All careers require a basic understanding of how things work. It can require as basic an understanding that you know to never pour water on a electronic device, or drinking certain chemicals, to more advanced understandings that can help you pursue an actual career in chemistry.

Being an Informed Citizen While it may not be apparent as of right now, Chemistry can help you in a variety of other skills that are important to real life applications. Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.

Classwork Explain why chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events. Name the five traditional areas into which chemistry can be divided. Describe the relationship between pure and applied chemistry. List three reasons for studying chemistry.

Objectives Identify some areas of research affected by chemistry. Describe some examples of research in chemistry. Distinguish between macroscopic and microscopic views.

Application of Chemistry Section 1.2 Application of Chemistry What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?

George de Mestral and the hook and loop tapers

Macroscopic & Microscopic Macroscopic- Objects large enough to see with the naked eye Microscopic- Items that can only be seen under magnification KEYWORDS-Macroscopic, and Microscopic

Energy Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.

Conservation One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.

Production The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels.

Storage Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current.

Medicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.

Agriculture Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

The Environment Chemists can help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution. A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms. KEYWORD- Pollutant

The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.

The Universe To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.

Classwork Name three ways chemists help meet the demand for energy. How do chemists help doctors treat patients? Compare macroscopic and microscopic.

Objectives Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry Identify three steps in the scientific method Explain why collaboration and communication are important in science.

Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools for working with chemicals. Section 1.3 Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools for working with chemicals. The developed tools that are still used todays, including beakers, flasks, tongs, and the mortar and pestle.

Lavoisier’s Influence on Science Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement that it is today. He was also able to design a balance that measured mass to the nearest 0.0005 grams, and that oxygen is required for a material to burn.

The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories. KEYWORD- scientific method

Making Observations When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation. Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight? KEYWORD- Observation

Testing Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation. You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true. KEYWORD- Hypothesis

The Experiment An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change. KEYWORD- Experiment

Variables of an Experiment The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable. The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable. KEYWORD- Independent Variable and Dependent Variable

Developing Theories Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory. A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results. KEYWORD- Theory

Steps in the Scientific Method

Collaborate and Communicate When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. This means that scientists share their work and submit it for criticism to see if their work is accurate and precise.

Objectives Identify two general steps in problem solving Describe three steps for solving numeric problems Describe two steps for solving conceptual problems

Section 1.4 Solving Problems Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan then implementing that plan

Solving Numeric Problems

Analyze To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown). After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown. KEYWORD- Analyze

Calculate and Evaluate If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process. Evaluate Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures. KEYWORD- Calculate, and Evaluate