1. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 1 of 27 Chapter 1 Chemistry Basics

2. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 27 Chemistry The Galileo spacecraft was placed in orbit around Jupiter to collect data about the planet and its moons. Chemistry helped scientists to study the geology of distant objects in the solar system. 1.1

3. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 3 of 27 Pure and Applied Chemistry How are pure and applied chemistry related? 1.1

4. Slide 4 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application. 1.1

5. Slide 5 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works. 1.1

6. Slide 6 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry Nylon In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk. A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon. 1.1

7. Slide 7 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry Aspirin Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack. In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research. 1.1

8. Slide 8 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry Technology Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired. Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort. There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology. 1.1

9. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 9 of 27 What Is Chemistry? Why is the scope of chemistry so vast? 1.1

10. Slide 10 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Chemistry What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. 1.1

11. Slide 11 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events. 1.1

12. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 12 of 27 Areas of Study What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry? 1.1

13. Slide 13 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry 1.1

14. Slide 14 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

15. Slide 15 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

16. Slide 16 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. Areas of Study 1.1

17. Slide 17 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. Areas of Study 1.1

18. Slide 18 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Areas of Study 1.1

19. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 19 of 27 Why Study Chemistry? What are three general reasons to study chemistry? 1.1

20. Slide 20 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens. 1.1

21. Slide 21 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Chemistry Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. 1.1

22. Slide 22 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Chemistry Why Study Chemistry? Preparing For a Career Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom. 1.1

23. Slide 23 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Chemistry Why Study Chemistry? Being an Informed Citizen Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action. 1.1

24. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 24 of 27 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 1.1 Section Quiz 1.1.

25. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 25 of 27 1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly involve compounds containing carbon? (1) organic chemistry (2) inorganic chemistry (3) biochemistry a.(1) and (2) b.(1) and (3) c.(2) and (3) d.(1), (2), and (3) 1.1 Section Quiz

26. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 26 of 27 2. Which phrase best describes applied chemistry? a.the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake b.research that answers a general question c.addresses fundamental aspects of a question d.research directed toward a practical goal 1.1 Section Quiz

27. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 27 of 27 3. Informed citizens are most likely to a.provide funds for scientific research. b.determine which areas of research are valid. c.decide who is qualified to do research. d.influence the development of technology. 1.1 Section Quiz

28. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 28 of 27 Thinking Like a Scientist In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin. 1.3

29. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 27 Alchemy How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry? 1.3

30. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 30 of 27 Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. 1.3

31. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of 27 Alchemy a.Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle. Mortar and Pestle 1.3

32. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of 27 An Experimental Approach to Science How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry? 1.3

33. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of 27 An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. 1.3

34. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 34 of 27 An Experimental Approach to Science a.Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn. Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory 1.3

35. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 35 of 27 The Scientific Method What are the steps in the scientific method? 1.3

36. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 36 of 27 The Scientific Method a.The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories. 1.3

37. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 37 of 27 The Scientific Method Making Observations a.When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation. b.Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight? 1.3

38. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 38 of 27 The Scientific Method Testing Hypotheses a.A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation. b.You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true. 1.3

39. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 39 of 27 The Scientific Method a.An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change. The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable. The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable. 1.3

40. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 40 of 27 The Scientific Method Developing Theories a.Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory. A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results. 1.3

41. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 41 of 27 The Scientific Method Scientific Laws a.A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. b.A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory. 1.3

42. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 42 of 27 Steps in the Scientific Method The Scientific Method 1.3

43. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 43 of 27 Collaboration and Communication What role do collaboration and communication play in science? 1.3

44. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 44 of 27 Collaboration and Communication a.No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team. When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 1.3

45. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 45 of 27 Collaboration and Communication Collaboration a.Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons. Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem. Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research. 1.3

46. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 46 of 27 Collaboration and Communication a.Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration. 1.3

47. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 47 of 27 Collaboration and Communication Communication a.Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences. b.Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field. 1.3

48. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 48 of 27 1.3 Section Quiz. 1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of a.speculation. b.measurement. c.hypotheses. d.theories.

49. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 49 of 27 1.3 Section Quiz. 2. A hypothesis is a.information obtained from an experiment. b.a proposed explanation for observations. c.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments. d.a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.

50. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 50 of 27 1.3 Section Quiz. 3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries? a.The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field. b.Any article that is submitted is published. c.Everyone has access to the information. d.The articles are short and easy to read.