GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

INTRODUCTION  DEFINITION  RECENT TRENDS  TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE  SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC) –TROPICAL FORESTS –SOIL FERTILITY LOW

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY –BY ROTATING THE FIELDS –NOT CROP ROTATION –A VARIETY OF CROPS

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE  INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD –CONSIDERABLE USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR –PEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS (E.G. PLOW)

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –HEAVY USE OF MANURE/FERTILIZER

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –INTENSIVE USE OF HILL- SLOPES

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME PLACES –CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONS –PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES –RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATE

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE  PASTORALISM –BREEDING AND HERDING OF ANIMALS –USUALLY IN DESERTS, GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINS –PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY PASTORALISM AND NOMADIC –GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMELS, ETC. –TRANSHUMANCE

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE –PRACTICE OF BARTER –MAY CULTIVATE CROPS –IN DECLINE

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL- COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE? –IMPORTANCE OF FARM CHANGED –RELATION TO CAPITALISM –CONCENTRATION OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ- ATION INVOLVES: –MACHINES VS HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOR –INCREASING USE OF INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS) –SUBSTITUTES

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ- ATION OF AGRICULTURE  GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE –WHAT IS THE GR? –BORLAUG –WHY PEACE PRIZE?

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE –POSITIVE EFFECTS  YIELD INCREASE>FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  FARMERS INCOME INCREASE  LABORERS’ BENEFITS –PRODUCTIVITY –DOUBLE CROPPING –SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS)  HENCE GREEN REVOLUTION

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  NEGATIVE EFFECTS –ECOLOGICAL  VULNERABILITY OF NEW SEEDS TO PESTS  WATER LOGGING  LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION PER WATER USE  REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER  PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE TO FAULTY MACHINES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, ETC.

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  SOCIAL-ECONOMIC –LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MORE –SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT –REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMING

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE –LABOUR REPLACEMENT –WOMEN  WOMEN FORCED TO WORK AS LABOURERS

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT –WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT GROWN EVERYWHERE –LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA)

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE –INTRA-COUNTRY INEQUALITY AND THE STATE’S SPATIAL STRATEGY

LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE  GENERAL PRINCIPLE UNDERLYING LANDUSE 

 VON THUNEN’S AGRICULTURAL LOCATION THEORY –ASSUMPTIONS

LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE –RESULTS  CROP THEORY  INTENSITY THEORY –REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

 ASSESSMENT

 SHOULD VON THUNEN THEORY BE ‘MADE TO BE WRONG’?