1. GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

2. Essential Question
How is agriculture impacted by Geography?

3. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC)
TROPICAL FORESTS
SOIL FERTILITY LOW

4. Source: www.sln.org.uk/.../ Shifting%20cultivation.jpg

5. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY
BY ROTATING THE FIELDS
A VARIETY OF CROPS

6. Source: www.scalloway.org.uk/ clim10.htm

7. Source: natureproducts.net/.../ shifting_cultivation.html

10. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD
CONSIDERABLE USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR
PEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR

13. TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS (E.G. PLOW)

14. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
HEAVY USE OF MANURE/FERTILIZER

15. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-SLOPES

16. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME PLACES
CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONS
PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES
RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATE

18. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
PASTORALISM
BREEDING AND HERDING OF ANIMALS
USUALLY IN DESERTS, GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINS
PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.

20. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY PASTORALISM AND NOMADIC
GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMELS, ETC.

21. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
PRACTICE OF BARTER
MAY CULTIVATE CROPS
IN DECLINE

22. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE?
IMPORTANCE OF FARM CHANGED
RELATION TO CAPITALISM
CONCENTRATION OF MEANS OF PRODUCTION

23. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION INVOLVES:
MACHINES VS HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOR
INCREASING USE OF INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS)
SUBSTITUTES

24. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION OF AGRICULTURE
GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
NORMAN BORLAUG
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

25. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
POSITIVE EFFECTS
YIELD INCREASE>FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY
Source: go.hrw.com/venus_ images/0745MC30.gif

28. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
FARMERS INCOME INCREASE
LABORERS’ BENEFITS
PRODUCTIVITY
DOUBLE CROPPING
SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS)
HENCE GREEN REVOLUTION

29. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
ECOLOGICAL
VULNERABILITY OF
NEW SEEDS TO PESTS
WATER LOGGING
LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION PER WATER USE
REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)

30. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER
PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE TO FAULTY MACHINES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, ETC.

31. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC
LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MORE
SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT
REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMING

32. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
LABOUR REPLACEMENT
WOMEN
WOMEN FORCED TO WORK AS LABOURERS
COSTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL INPUTS >INCREASING THE NEED FOR CASH INCOMES >FORCING WOMEN TO WORK AS AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
INCREASING THE NEED FOR UNPAID FEMALE LABOUR FOR FARMING TASKS THEREBY AUGMENTING WOMEN'S ALREADY HIGH LABOUR BURDEN
DISPLACING WOMEN'S WAGE-EARNING OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH MECHANIZATION

34. THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT
WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT GROWN EVERYWHERE
LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA)