WIND ENERGY NKEMAKONAM CHINEDU ABUAH MORTEZA MOHAMMADKHANBEIGI

WIND ENERGY What is wind? Wind is the movement of air over the surface of the Earth, from areas of high pressure to low pressure. It is moving air and is caused by differences in air pressure within our atmosphere. Air under high pressure moves toward areas of low pressure.

What is wind energy? The conversion of wind into into a useful form of energy, such as using: wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. Wind energy both one of the world’s earliest and fastest growing sources of energy. It can be harnessed by wind mills/turbines, used to power boats, ships and vehicles, used to power water pumps, used for wind powered sports etc

History of Wind Energy Windmills were developed in Persia about 500-900 AD and used paddles made of bundled reeds. Ancient Chinese used vertical axis windmills to grind grain and pump water. Introduced to Europe by the Crusaders around 1300 A.D, used to drain dry land. The designs were based on water wheels.

Growth of Wind Energy

Energy Generating Capacity of some countries from 1980 - 2003

Pros and Cons of Wind Energy Pros(Advantages) Cons(Disadvantages) Wind energy is free and the power it generates has been harnessed for years. It’s a completely renewable source of energy, occurs naturally and can be harnessed once the means are there. Has no destructive effects, energy produced doesn’t cause any greenhouse gases or pollutants. Generation and maintenance costs have decreased in recent years. Noise pollution and view disruption is an issue for communities nearby. Endangered birds can be killed when they fly too close to the wind turbines. Weather, Wind energy is highly subjective, not only to location but also to climate, time of the year, currents and weather patterns. Energy transmission, getting the energy from point A to B has proven difficult over the years.

Turbine Evolution Used for pumping water and grinding grain. Mainly used for generating electricity.

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines(HAWT) Vertical Axis Wind Turbines(VAWT) Types of Turbines Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines(HAWT) Vertical Axis Wind Turbines(VAWT)

Pros and Cons of HAWTS and VAWTS Advantages Taller tower means higher speeds High efficiency Most are self-starting Ability to wing warp, which gives the turbine blades the best angle of attack Disadvantages Difficult to transport Difficult to install (require tall cranes and skilled operators) Advantages Lower construction and transportation costs Most effective at hilltops and ridgelines. typically less noise compared to HAWTs Easy to maintain, generator components typically located on the ground Disadvantages  Less efficient  Low starting torque and may require energy to start turning lower wind speeds due to shorter structure

How do wind Turbines work? Description 2. The Rotor – makes the blade rotate 3. Brake – This is very important in the event that some thing goes wrong or the turbine is going too fast. 7. Is the generator. 13. Yaw Draw – Makes the wind turbine rotate in the direction of the wind. 15. Tower – This holds the nacelle

How does it work? A wind turbine is composed of 3 propellers-like blades called a rotor. The rotor is attached to a tall tower. The tower looks like a very tall pole. On average wind towers are about 20m high. The reason why the tower is so tall is because winds are stronger higher from the ground. The wind turbine captures the wind to produce energy. The wind makes the rotor spin; as the rotor spins, the movement of the blades spinning gives power to a generator which makes energy. The motion of the wind turbine turning is called kinetic energy, this power is converted into electricity. AC electricity is produced when the wind energy is converted to electricity. It is then converted into DC electricity which can also be fed into a grid interactive inverter for feeding power into the electrical grid.

Interesting Records The Largest capacity wind turbine is The Enercon E-126. It has a rated capacity of 7.58 MW.  has an overall height of 198 m (650 ft), a diameter of 126 m (413 ft). The tallest wind turbine is Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow. Its axis is 160 meters above ground and its rotor tips can reach a height of 205 meters.  The most productive wind farm is at Rønland wind farm in Denmark. Four turbines share the record for the most productive wind turbines, with each having generated 63.2 GWh Largest vertical axis is at the Le Nordais wind farm in Cap-Chat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) named Éole, which is the world's largest at 110 m. It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8MW

Wind Speed Distributions • It is very important to be able to describe the variation of wind speeds. • Turbine designers need the information to optimize the design of their turbines, so as to minimize generating costs. • Turbine investors need the information to estimate their income from electricity generation.

Wind Turbine Selection Rotor diameters may vary somewhat for a given power, because many manufacturers optimize their machines to local wind conditions. A larger generator requires more power (i.e. strong winds) to start. So if you install a wind turbine in a low wind area you will actually maximize annual output by using a fairly small generator for a given rotor size (or a larger rotor size for a given generator). For example, for a 600 kW machine rotor diameters may vary from 39 to 48 m (128 to 157 ft.)

Wind Turbine Selection... Reasons for Choosing Large Turbines There are economies of scale in wind turbines. Larger machines are particularly well suited for offshore wind power.

Wind Turbine Selection... Reasons for Choosing Smaller Turbines Local electrical grids may be too weak to handle the output from a large machine. Costs for large cranes and building adequate roads to carry the turbine components may make smaller machines more economic in some areas.

Wind Turbine Selection... Reasons for Choosing Smaller Turbines Several smaller machines spread the risk in case of temporary machine failure, e.g. due to lightning strikes. Aesthetical landscape considerations may sometimes dictate the use of smaller machines.

Wind Noise

Wind Parks Cities and countries need huge wind farms to satisfy their energy needs. To optimize energy production in a wind farm, turbines are spread 5 – 9 rotor diameters apart in the prevailing wind direction and 3 – 5 rotor diameters apart in the perpendicular direction.

Wind Parks Walney Wind Farm in the Irish Sea, England It has a capacity of 367 MW, which makes it the world's largest offshore wind farm. Green Mountain Energy Wind Farm at Brazos - Texas

Construction Offshore options: there are four main types of wind turbine foundations — monopile, jacket, tripile and gravity base.

Construction

Construction

Location

High wind All turbines are equipped with protective features to avoid damage at high wind speeds, by feathering the blades into the wind which ceases their rotation, supplemented by brakes. A wind turbine normally shuts down when winds reach 55 mph

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