History of Glass 17 Glass & Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Early Glass Production History of Glass Early Glass Production Blowpipe on other side of punty removed leaving a hole Largest known piece of glass in a public bath at Pompeii By 10th century A.D. the Venetian Island of Murano had become major center for glassmaking Crown glass and cylinder glass were produced Crown glass process Blowing large glass sphere Iron rod called punty used to hold glass Reheating sphere resulting in crown 30”+ in diameter Cooled and cut Face Shield Hand Shield Punty Disk or crown shaped glass Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Early Glass Production History of Glass Early Glass Production Blowing glass spheres Swinging action resulting in cylinder Cylinder glass process Blowing large glass sphere Swinging action resulted in cylinder Hemispherical ends were cut Cylinder slit lengthwise and reheated to flatten into rectangular sheet Cut into panes Crown glass favored over cylinder glass because of surface quality Cylinder glass was more economical Hemispherical ends are cut Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

From Crown to Float Glass History of Glass From Crown to Float Glass Lack of optical quality of crown and cylinder glass gave way to introduction of plate glass in 17th century France Molten glass was cast into frames Spread into sheets Cooled and ground flat Polished and cut Cylinder process evovled in 19th Century In 20th century drawn glass was produced In 1959 Pilkington started producing float glass which is the basis of all modern day glass Float Glass Production Process Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Float Glass Finishing and Cutting History of Glass Float Glass Ribbon Emerging from Annealing Lehr Float Glass Finishing and Cutting Glass is floated on molten tin and hardens on it producing parallel surfaces, high optical quality and brilliant surface finish Automatic cutting can produce glass to desired sizes Annealing Lehr gradually cools the glass to avoid locked-in stresses Glazing is the installation of glass or the transparent material in a glazed opening Installer of glass is called glazier Individual pieces are called lights or lites Track-mounted Cutting Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

The Material Glass 17 Glass & Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems The Material Glass Advanced Glazing Systems Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems The Material Glass Advanced Glazing Systems Glass has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass Ingredients and Thicknesses The Material Glass Tempered Glass is Used in Store Front For Strength and Breakage Safety Glass Ingredients and Thicknesses Glass is made from Sand (silicone dioxide) Soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) Lime (calcium) Alumina Potassium oxide Glass is supercooled liquid and in sheet form strength is impacted by imperfections in glass Thicknesses range from approximately 3/32 inch (single strength) to 1/8 inch (double strength) to 1 inch. Heat treatments such as tempering impact glass strength and uses Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass Types by Heat Treatment and Strength The Material Glass Laminated Glass Used in Sloped Glazing Provides Safety Against Falling Shards Glass Types by Heat Treatment and Strength Annealed glass Regular float glass which is cooled slowly to reduce in built stress Tempered glass Produced by cutting annealed glass to required size, reheating and then cooling rapidly. Higher strength and breaks into small shards Heat-strengthened glass Between annealed and tempered with breakage behavior like annealed Laminated glass Sandwich of multiple layers of glass with PVB interlayer. Suitable for security applications as glass stays in place Fire-rated glass Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass Types by Architectural Treatments The Material Glass Glass Types by Architectural Treatments Fritted Glass Used to Create Patterns Patterned glass Hot glass can be rolled into sheets with many different surface textures and patterns to obscure vision for privacy Fritted glass Pigmented glass particles called frits are used to imprint glass. Glass is dried and fired in tempering furnace to make it permanent Spandrel glass Used to cover bands of floor/wall around the floor edges. Usually tempered or heat strengthened with insulation behind them Darker Colored Spandrel Glass Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass For Controlling Solar Radiation The Material Glass Glass For Controlling Solar Radiation Building With Reflective Coated Glass Tinted Glass Made by adding small amounts of selected chemical elements to the molten glass mixture Reflective Glass or Solar Control Glass Thin Durable films of metal or metal oxide are deposited on the surface of either tinted glass or clear glass to make the glass reflective. The film turns away significant portion of solar radiation Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Impact of Glass Type on Control of Visible Light and Solar Radiation The Material Glass Impact of Glass Type on Control of Visible Light and Solar Radiation Effect of Three Different Glazing Assemblies on Incoming Sunlight – Outside is on Left Transmitted Radiation Reflected Radiation Absorbed Radiation Re-radiation Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass and Thermal Considerations The Material Glass Glass and Thermal Considerations Two Methods of Sealing Edge of Double Glazing IGU – Insulating Glass Unit Made of multiple glass with sealed air space reducing conductance, single glazing is single glass, double glazing is two sheets and triple glazing is three sheets of glass Space filled by air or inert gas in a hermetically sealed cavity Different spacers used including warm-edge spacer Performance given in terms of U values Low Emissivity coated glass (Low-e) Formed with transparent metallic coating to improve thermal performance Located on surface 2 and sometimes on surface 3. Improves thermal performance Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass and Thermal Considerations The Material Glass Glass and Thermal Considerations Glass Properties Impacting Thermal Visual Performance Visible Light Transmittance - VT Ratio of visible light passing to the amount striking the glass Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - SHGC Ratio of heat admitted to the amount striking the glass Light Solar Gain Ratio – LSG Ratio of VT to SHGC Gla zing Type VT SHG C LSG U 1 R 2 Single glazing , clear 0.90 0.85 1.3 1.1 6.3 0.91 0.16 Double glazing, clear 0.79 0.70 0.47 2.7 2.1 0.37 Double glazing, medium gray tinted 0.40 0.45 0.9 Triple glazing, clear 0.53 0.52 1.0 0.34 1.9 2.9 0.5 Do uble glazing, clear , low - e (low SHGC) 0.64 0.27 2.4 0.28 1.6 3.6 0.63 Double glazing, clear, e (high SHGC), argon filled 0.78 1.2 1.5 3.7 0.65 Factor : Btu / ft hr o F followed by W m K Value F/Btu Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glass and Thermal Considerations The Material Glass Glass and Thermal Considerations The label on this fabricator's glass sample indicates that this IGU consists of a ¼"-thick low-e, annealed lite (with the trade name Solarban 60) a ½" spacer and a ¼" clear annealed light. VLT of 0.70 SC of 0.44 SHGC of 0.38 U-Value of 0.29 Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glazing 17 Glass & Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glazing Glazing Small Lights Alternative Methods of Single Glazing Small Lights – Outdoor Side on Left Not subject to excessive wind force or stresses due to thermal expansion Glass first held in place by Glazier’s points and then sealed on outside with putty followed by painting Factory glazed units employ improved putties or glazing compounds which stay elastic for longer period of time Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glazing Glazing Large Lights Glaziers Install Lights of Glass that Weigh as Much as 125 pounds (57 kg) Large lights, those over 6 ft2 (0.6 m2) require more care in glazing due to stresses Design objectives are Support weight of glass without abnormal stress patterns Support glass against wind pressure and suction Allow for expansion and contraction of glass and frame without damage Avoid contact of glass with any hard material such as frame Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Glazing Glazing Large Lights Alternative Methods of Single Glazing Large Lights – Outdoor Side on Left Setting blocks are of synthetic rubber and support weight of glass Bite or depth of grip on the edge of glass of certain amount is required to resist wind load Glazing components used between frame and glass are either wet or dry such as Preformed solid tape sealant made of polybutene Wedge or roll in gasket Lock strip gasket In good design reliance for waterproofing relies on wet and dry seals in conjunction with pressure equalization and drainage Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Lockstrip Gasket Installation in Progress and Completed Glazing Glazing Large Lights Lockstrip Gasket Installation in Progress and Completed Lockstrip gasket is a dry glazing method It is faster, easier and less dependent on workmanship then wet glazing method Wet glazing with good workmanship is more effective Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Mullionless Butt-Joint Glazing With Single Glazing Butt-joint glazing system Head and sill of the glass sheets are supported conventionally in metal frames, but vertical mullions are eliminated The vertical joints between sheets of glass are made by injection of colorless silicone sealant There is a strong effect of unbroken horizontal band of glass around the building Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Mullionless Butt-Joint System Seen from the Outside Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Horizontal strip windows that need to appear mullionless only from the outside can use a mullion on the inside Sill and head are conventionally glazed Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Glass Mounted With Four-Side Structural Silicone Glazing Structural silicone flush glazing The metal mullions lie entirely inside the glass with glass adhered to the mullion by silicone sealant Outside skin is completely flush Systems with critical silicone work done in factory are also possible Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Steps in assembly of a mullion for a four-side structural silicone exterior flush glazing system Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Structural Spacer Glazing is a proprietary system The glass is fastened to the mullion with an aluminum pressure plate. The face is then sealed Desiccant is integrated into the system Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Glass Suspended from Above With Vertical Glass Stiffeners Suspended Glazing Systems and Glass Mullion System Used primarily for high walls of glass around building lobbies Tempered glass sheets are suspended from above and stabilized by tempered glass perpendicular stiffeners Metal fittings are used to join multiple sheets of glass Stainless steel cables and fittings are used in roof applications Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Four point spider fitting Adjustable vertical stainless steel rod carries the load to the structure above Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems A suspended glazing system with "saddle" (anticlastic) curvature keeps the entire wall system in tension. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems The spider fittings and cable system must resist wind, seismic, and dead loads without inducing bending forces in the glass or creating stress concentrations around the points of attachment Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems The glass wall obtains additional stiffness where the cable system is tied to adjacent columns. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Insulating laminated glass units serve as roof Laminated glass fins serve as beams Vertical rods take the load from the fins Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn transfers it to steel trusses Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Advanced Glazing Systems Vertical rods take the load from the fins Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn transfers it to the steel trusses Upward arching cables provide wind uplift resistance Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

Leaded Stained Glass Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.

MasterFormat Sections For Glass 17 Glass and Glazing MasterFormat Sections For Glass CSI/CSC MasterFormat Sections for Glass 08 80 00 GLAZING 08 81 00 Glass Glazing 08 83 00 Mirrors 08 84 00 Plastic Glazing 08 85 00 Glazing Accessories 08 88 00 Special Function Glazing Hurricane-Resistant Glazing Cable-Suspended Glazing Pressure-Resistant Glazing Radiation-Resistant Glazing Security Glazing Ballistics-Resistant Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.